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Predicative constructions with the participle




Министерство образования РФ

Ставропольский государственный университет

 

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА

АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

(МОРФОЛОГИЯ)

Ставрополь 2000

ОТ АВТОРОВ – СОСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ

 

 

Настоящее учебное пособие составлено старшими преподавателями кафедры английского языка ФРГЯ СГУ Алюниной О.Г. (1 – 12 главы) и Нос И.И. (13, 14 главы).

Пособие подготовлено на основе программы курса «Нормативная грамматика английского языка», разработанной кафедрой английского языка СГУ и предназначено для студентов 1-2 курсов специальностей «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация» и «Информатика, лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация».

В пособии представлены грамматические нормы английского языка, которые подлежат усвоению студентами. Грамматические явления в пособии описаны по следующему алгоритму: 

1. Определение.

2. Морфологические признаки.

3. Синтаксические характеристики.

4. Семантические особенности.

5. Прагматический аспект употребления.

Задачей пособия является не только описание нормативной базы современного английского языка, но и представление его как средства исключения типичных ошибок, препятствующих осуществлению эффективной межкультурной коммуникации.

При подборе иллюстративного материала авторы пособия старались отобрать примеры, содержащие наиболее употребительную лексику в рамках функционирующих грамматических конструкций. Все примеры аутентичны, заимствованы из произведений как классической, так и современной англо-американской прозы.

Практической и теоретической основой данного пособия является учебник “A Grammar of the English Language”, В.П. Каушанская и др.

     

 

 

CONTENTS

 

Introduction. Grammatical structure of the English language

                                                               

ACCIDENCE

General classification of the parts of speech

Chapter I. THE NOUN

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological characteristics

§ 3. Syntactical characteristics

§ 4. Morphological composition

§ 5. Classification

§ 6. The category of number

§ 7. The category of case

Chapter II. THE ARTICLE

§ 1. General notion

§ 2. Functions of the Article

Use of articles with common nouns

§ 1—4. Class nouns

§ 5—7. Nouns of material

§ 8—11. Abstract nouns

Use of articles with proper nouns

§ 12. Names of persons

§ 13. Geographical names

§ 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines

§ 15. Names of cardinal points

§ 16. Names of months and days

§ 17. Nouns modified by proper nouns.

Use of articles with nouns in some set expressions

§ 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set ex­pressions

§ 19. The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions

§ 20. Nouns in set expressions used without an article

Use of articles in some syntactic relations

§ 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns

§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition

§ 23. The use of articles with nouns used in address

§ 24. Place of the article

§ 25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian

Special difficulties in the use of articles

§ 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening

§ 27. The use of articles with names of seasons

§ 28. The use of articles with nouns school, college, prison, jail, bed

§ 29. The use of article with the noun town

§ 30. The use of articles with the name of meals

§ 31. The use of articles with names of languages

Use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals

§ 32. Most

§ 33. Few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little

§ 34. Two, the two, three, the three etc

§ 35. The second, a second

§ 36. Another, the other

§ 37. Last, the last

§ 38. Next, the next

§ 39. A number, the number

Omission of the Article

 

Chapter III. THE ADJECTIVE

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological characteristics

§ 3. Spelling rules

§ 4. Syntactic characteristics

§ 5. Morphological composition

§ 6. Classification

§ 7. Grammatical characteristics of qualitative adjective

§ 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjective

§ 9. Substantivized adjectives

 

Chapter IV. THE PRONOUN

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Personal Pronouns                                                                           

§ 4. Possessive Pronouns                                                                         

§ 5. Reflexive Pronouns                                                                      

§ 6. Reciprocal Pronouns                                                                        

§ 7. Demonstrative Pronouns                                                                  

§ 8. Interrogative Pronouns                                                                     

§ 9. Relative Pronouns                                                                            

§ 10. Conjunctive Pronouns                                                                  

§ 11. Defining Pronouns                                                                            

§ 12. Indefinite Pronouns                                                                          

§ 13. Negative Pronouns                                                                       

 

Chapter V. THE NUMERAL

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Cardinal numerals

§ 3. The functions of the cardinal numerals in the sentence

§ 4. Ordinal numerals

§ 5. The function of ordinal numerals in the sentence

 

Chapter VI

THE WORDS OF THE CATEGORY OF STATE

 

§ 1. Definition

§ 2 - 4. Morphological composition and use

 

Chapter VII. THE ADVERB

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological composition

§ 3. Degrees of comparison

§ 4. Classification

 

Chapter VIII. THE MODAL WORDS

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Use

§ 4. Modal words and adverbs

 

Chapter IX. THE INTERJECTION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Morphological composition

                                                                   

Chapter X. THE PREPOSITION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure

§ 3. Classification

§ 4. Prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions

§ 5. Prepositions and postpositions

 

Chapter XI. THE CONJUNCTION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure

§ 3. Classification

§ 4. Coordinating conjunctions

§ 5. Subordinating conjunctions

 

Chapter XII. THE PARTICLE

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

 

Chapter XIII. THE VERB

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure                                                                

§ 3. Basic forms

§ 4. Syntactic function

§ 5. Transitive and intransitive verbs

§ 6. Lexical character

§ 7 – 10. Grammatical categories

TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE                                                 

The Indefinite Form                                                    

§ 1. The use of the Present Indefinite

§ 2. The use of the Past Indefinite                                                                           

§ 3. The use of the Future Indefinite                                                                    

The Continuous Form

§ 4. The use of the Present Continuous                                                                   

§ 5. The use of the Past Continuous                                                                     

§ 6. The use of the Future Continuous                                                                     

The Perfect Form                                                                          

§ 7. The use of the Present Perfect                                                                           

§ 8. The Past Indefinite and Present Perfect                                      

§ 9. The use of the Past Perfect                                                                            

§ 10. Past Indefinite and Past Perfect                                                 

§ 11. The Future Perfect                                                                                                                                                                                                    

The Perfect Continuous Form                   

§ 12. The Present Perfect Continuous                                                                   

§ 13. Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous

§ 14. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive                  

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and Past Continuous

The use of the Future Perfect Continuous

The Passive Voice

The use of the Passive Voice

The use of tenses in the Passive Voice

Ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian

§ 21. Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English lan­guage

§ 22. The PassiveVoice and the Nominal Predicate Modal Verbs  1. Definition

§ 2. Can

§ 3. May

§ 4. Must

§ 5. Should and ought

§ 6. To be + Infinitive

§ 7. To have + Infinitive

§ 8. Shall

§ 9. Will

§ 10. Would

§ 11. Dare

§ 12. Need

Mood

The Subjunctive Mood

General notion

Synthetic forms

Analytical forms

The forms of the Indicative Mood used to express the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood

   The use of the Subjunctive Mood

Simple sentences

Conditional sentences

Adverbial clauses of purpose

Adverbial clauses of concession

Adverbial clauses of time and place

Adverbial clauses of comparison

Predicative clauses.

Subject clauses

Object clauses

Attributive appositive clauses

§ 15. Attributive clauses modifying the noun time in the princi­pal clause

Emotional use of the Subjunctive Mood

Chapter VIII. THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERD (THE VERBALS)

Definition

The characteristic traits of the verbals

The Participle

General notion

Double nature of the participle

Tense distinctions

Voice distinctions

Functions of Participle I in the sentence

Functions of Participle II in the sentence

Predicative constructions with the participle










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