The use of articles with predicative nouns.

 As stated above (see § 2) a predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belong to a certain class.

If a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used.

Heisthe student you wanted to speak to.

If a predicative noun denotes a post, which can be occupied by one person at a time, either no article or the definite article is used.

Mr. Henderson is manager, not under-manager any longer. (Lindsay)

 Montanelli was director of the theological seminary at Pisa. (Voynich)

 Comrade N. is the dean of our faculty.

No article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect.

Compeyson turned traitor.

Компейсон стал предателем.

 Shakespeare commenced actor.

 Шекспир начинал как актер.

They appointed him head-teacher.

 Его назначили старшим преподавателем.

A predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival character, espe­cially when it is followed by the adverb enough. In this case no article is used.

Surely Bolla isn't fool enough to believe that sort of stuff? (Voynich)

 Неужели Болла настолько глуп, чтобы поверить подобному вздору?

When a predicative noun in an adverbial clause of concession is placed at the head of the clause, no article is used.

Child as he was, David understood that Creakle was an ignorant man.

Хотя Давид был ребенком, он понимал, что Крикль—невежест­венный человек.

The nouns son and daughter used predicative1y take the defi­nite article when modified by an of-phrase, though there may be several sons and daughters in the family.

Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman.

Becky Sharp was the daughter of an artist.

§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition.

Nouns in apposition and nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belong to a certain class.

I want to introduce you to Comrade B., a great friend of mine.

In the plural no article is used.

I want to introduce you to Comrades B. and D., great friends of mine.

Nouns in apposition or nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the definite article if they are modified by a par­ticularizing attribute.

Comrade B., the student you have mentioned, has come.

If the noun denotes a well-known person or work of art, the definite article is generally used.

Pushkin,the great Russian poet, died in 1837.

 Hamlet,the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in the first years of the 17th century.

But if the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is used.

Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.

No article is generally used with a noun in apposition when the apposition expresses a post, which can be occupied by one person at a time. Occasionally the definite article is used.

Professor Petrov, director (the director) of the Medical Institute, is going to deliver a lecture.

Comrade Smirnov, dean(the dean) of the English department, has left for Moscow.

§ 23. Class nouns used in address take no article.

 Come downstairs, child. (Voynich)

§ 24. Place of the article.

The usual place of the article is before the noun if it is not modified by an attribute; if the noun is modified by an attribute, the article is placed before the latter. However, there are cases when the article follows the attribute.

1. The definite article follows the attribute expressed by the pronouns both, all.

Boththe stories were interesting.

   Allthe stories were interesting.

2. The indefinite article follows the attribute expressed by an adjective after so, too, as.

Mr. Pickwick could not resist so tempting an opportunity of study­ing human nature. (Dickens)

You compel me to tell yon that this is too serious a matter to be treated in such a fashion. (Dreiser)  It was as black a house inside as outside. (Dickens)

3. The indefinite article follows quite, such, what (what in exclamatory sentences).

She is quite a child.

 I've never heard of such a thing.

What a wonderful piece of luck!

The indefinite article either precedes or follows rather.

This enquiry involved the respected lady in rather a delicate position. (Dickens)

 They stop and interchange a rather heated look. (Dickens)

§25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian.

The meaning of the English article may sometimes be expressed in Russian by means of:

(a) Cases.

        Pour the water into the glass. Налейте воду в стакан.

        Pour some water into the glass. Налейте воды в стакан.

(b) Word order.

        A woman came up to me and asked what time it was.

        Ко мне подошла женщина и спросила, который час.

        The woman has come.

        Женщина пришла.

(с) The words один, какой-то, какой-нибудь (the indefinite article), этот, тот самый (the definite article).

        A man is waiting for you downstairs.

        Вас внизу ждет какой-то человек.

        Do you know Nina? Yes, I do. I like the girl immensely.

        Вы знаете Нину? Знаю. Мне очень нравится эта девушка.

       SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF ARTICLES

§ 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morn­ing, evening.

The nouns day, night, morning, evening are used without ar­ticles:

(a) If day and morning, mean “light” and night and evening mean “darkness”, or if they denote, a certain part of the day.

                           The sun had gone and night had come. (Abrahams.)

Day is meant for work, night for sleep.

                 It was evening. The river was before them. (Dreiser)

(b) In the expressions by day, at night, from morning till night.

                     It is easier to work by day than at night.

The definite article is used when a noun is modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.

                 He will never forgetthe day when he met her.

                 The night was warm and beautifully still. (Voynich)

The definite article is also used in the expressions: in the morn­ing, in the afternoon, in the evening.

The indefinite article is used when the noun is modified by a descriptive attribute.

                  I spenta sleepless night.

When the nouns morning and evening are modified by the ad­jectives early and late, no articles are used because these adjectives do not describe the morning or night, but only show the time.

       It was early morning when the train pulled into the little sid­ing. (Abrahams)

§ 27. The use of articles with names of seasons.

 Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a cer­tain time of the year.

                       It was spring. I like spring.

The definite article is used when a particularizing attribute modifies these nouns or when the situation makes them definite.

                      It happened in the spring of 1930.

                      The spring was cold and rainy.

The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute.

                      It was a cold spring.

When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used.

                      It was early spring.

§ 28. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail.

The nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail are used without an article when they lose their concrete meaning and express the purpose for which the objects denoted by these nouns serve.

When these nouns denote concrete objects the articles are used according to the general principle.

(a) School, college.

to be at school            to be a schoolboy ( schoolgirl )

     to go to school

to be at college —to be a student of a college

to leave school — to finish or drop one's studies

           School begins at five.

   She went to College in the North. (Gow and D'Usseau)

   His history since he left school had been indicated in the last page. (Thackeray)

   It was at seventeen that he decided to leave school.

to go to the school — not as a pupil (the building is meant).

   to leave the school — to leave the building.

            Mother went to the school yesterday to attend a parents' meeting.

            She left the school at 7 o'clock. She worked at a school in Siberia.

(b) Bed.

to go to bed — ложиться спать

   to be in bed — лежать в постели

   And now you had better go to bed. Goodnight. (Voynich)

tobeinthebed    an article of furniture is meant

to be on the bed

   Her portrait was on the wall beside the bed. (Voynich)

(c) Prison, jail.

to be in prison (in jail) —to be a prisoner

to be sent to prison       as a prisoner

to be put in prison        as a prisoner

     Mr. Dorrit was in prison many years.

     Mr. Dorrit was sent to prison for debt.

   The last they had heard of him was that he was in jail for hav­ing killed a person in a fight. (Abrahams)

to be in the prison

   to go to the prison not as a prisoner (the building is meant)

     Mr. Dorrit's family lived inthe prison.

     The prison proper dated from 1822. (Dreiser)

§ 29. The use of articles with the noun town.