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52. These various factors can __________to two different patterns of pneumonia.

1) to lead

2) have led

3) will lead

4) lead

53. Some pneumonias __________life – threatening, while others are comparatively mild illnesses.

1) are

2) will be

3) is

4) have been

54. General measures __________rest, support of the breathing.

1) includes

2) have included

3) will include

4) include

55. Many pneumonias that are infectious __________for no apparent reason.

1) were occurred

2) occur

3) have been occurred

4) will occur

56. Usually this type of hepatitis __________by infection of the cells of the liver.

1) was caused

2) causes

3) is caused

4) was causing

57. Diphtheria__________a short incubation period.

1) have

2) has

3) has been

4) have got

58. __________an abrupt onset of violent pain in the upper abdomen.

1) there is

2) there are

3) is

4) are

59. The study of medicine __________great intellect.

1) don't demand

2) is demanded

3) doesn't demand

4) was demanded

60. The doctor __________operation when the new patient was brought into the hospital.

1) was performing

2) have performed

3) had been performing

4) were performing

61. He __________for 2 weeks.

1) is coughing

   2) has been coughing

3) have been coughing

4) coughs

62. Your disease__________in an active phase last year.

1) had been

2) were

3) was

4) is

63. This__________by improvement in the patient's condition.

1) am characterized

2) characterizes

3) is characterized

4) characterize

64. The students __________this subject by the end of June.

1) have passed

2) has been passing

3) pass

4) will have passed

65. The assistants __________already … everything for the operation.

1) will prepare

2) are preparing

3) have prepared

4) were preparing

66. This disease ___often __________by severe complications.

1) has accompanied

2) is accompanied

3) was accompanied

4) was characterized

67. Every pregnant woman must … regular examinations.

1) be given

2) have given

3) was given

4) is given

68. Formely, morbidity and mortality in the newborn __________the concern of an obstetrician.

1) was

2) were

3) is

4) are

69. Early childhood __________the period of 1 to 3 years.

1) cover         

2) covered

3) covering

4) covers

70. Scarlet fever ___mostly __________by direct contact.

1) was spread

2) has spread

3) is spread

4) being spread

Выберите правильный перевод

71. THE PATIENT HAS (СЫПЬ) ON HIS BODY.

              1) rash

              2) cough

              3) fever

              4) pain

72. SIDE EFFECTS OF А PROLONGED MEDICATION MАУ BЕ NAUSEA, VOMITING, PALPITATIONS AND (ПОТ).

              1) palpation

              2) pressure

              3) painfulness

              4) sweating

73. THE TEENAGER WAS REFERRED TO THE (БОЛЬНИЦУ) WITH SEVERE CHEST PAIN RADIATING TO HER ARM.

              1) hospital

              2) sanatorium

              3) ward

              4) hostel

74. THE DOCTOR (ОСМОТРЕЛ) THE CHILD AND NOTICED RASH ON HIS BODY.

              1) looked

              2) examined

              3) saw

              4) watched

75. WHEN BROUGHT TO THE HOSPITAL THE PATIENT (ЖАЛОВАЛСЯ) OF CHEST PAIN.

              1) explain

              2) complain

              3) see

              4) apply

76. THE STUDENTS OF THE FIFTH COURSE MAY ALREADY (ПРОВОДИТЬ) SMALL OPERATIONS.

              1) put

              2) perform

              3) plan

              4) look

77. MEASLES IS A CONTAGIOUS (БОЛЕЗНЬ).

              1) sweat

              2) disease

              3) source

              4) cause

78. ON ADMISSION TO THE HOSPITAL THE GIRL HAD A (УЧАЩЕННЫЙ ПУЛЬС).

              1) tremor

              2) tiredness

              3) rapid pulse

              4) tenderness

79. (РВОТА) IS A CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOM OF POISONING.

              1) rash

              2) bleeding

              3) vomiting

              4) illness

80. THE SOLDIER NEEDS AN (НЕМЕДЛЕННЫЙ) SURGICAL OPERATION.

              1) impersonal

              2) impossible

              3) immovable

              4) immediate

81. (КОРЬ) IS CAUSED BY AN AIRBORNE VIRUS.

              1) measles

              2) a cardiac disease

              3) a mental disease

              4) a renal disease

82. THIS CHILD HAS A FUNCTIONAL (НАРУШЕНИЕ ПИЩЕВАРЕНИЯ).

              1) incoordination

              2) indigestion

              3) irritation

              4) introduction

83. IN THE COURSE OF THIS DISEASE A CHILD MAY HAVE (ТОШНОТА).

              1) vomiting 

              2) diarrhea

              3) heartburn

              4) nausea

84. HIS GENERAL (COСТОЯНИЕ) HAS SUDDENLY WORSENED.

              1) appointment

              2) administration

              3) condition

              4) temperature

85. WHAT DOES SUCCESFULL (РОДЫ) DEPEND ON?

              1) pregnancy

              2) delivery

              3) birth

              4) condition

 86. AT BIRTH (ПЛОД) IS FORCED TO CHANGE THE WHOLE ORDER OF ITS EXISTENCE.

              1) fetus

              2) child

              3) infant

              4) a newborn

87. THE BABIES’ DEVELOMENT DEPENDS ON THE ADEQUATE (КОРМЛЕНИЕ).

              1) digestion

              2) growth

              3) eating

              4) feeding

88. (ЖЕЛТУХА) IS ENCOUNTERED VERY FREQUENTLY IN NEWBORN.

                1) rubella

              2) jaundice

              3) dyspnea

              4) tachypnea

89. A NEWVORN’S LIVER IS (НЕСОВЕРШЕННА) AND CANNOT PROCESS BILIRUBIN.

              1) immature

              2) premature

                 3) mature

              4) overemature

90. THE GIRL WAS READMITTED TO THE CLINIC BECAUSE OF AN (ОСТРЫЙ ПРИСТУП).

              1) acute atack

              2) sudden strike

              3) quick stroke

              4) fast hit

VII. ТЕСТОВЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ НА ПОНИМАНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТЕКСТОВ.

(для самоподготовки)

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Text 1

PRIMITIVE MEDICINE

1. Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of the early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial and error, which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value.

2. However, the man did not at first regard death and disease as natural phenomena. Common maladies, such as colds, were accepted as part of existence, but serious and disabling diseases were placed in a very different category and were considered to be of supernatural origin.

3. One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimetres across, in the skull of the victim - the practice of trepanning. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France and other parts of Europe and in Peru. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.

4. Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of the prehistoric or primitive man. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or "medicine men," were witch doctors. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both the medicine man and the patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

1. PRIMITIVE PHYSICIANS WERE VERY WISE AS THEY TREATED BOTH THE PERSON'S SOUL AND HIS BODY.

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) истинным

              3) ложным

2. HUMANS DISCOVERED WHICH PLANTS HAD SOME MEDICINAL VALUE BY THE PROCESS OF TRIAL AND ERROR.

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) ложным

              3) истинным

3. AT FIRST THE MAN REGARDED SERIOUS AND DISABLING DISEASES AS NATURAL PHENOMENA.

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) ложным

              3) истинным

4. DOMESTIC MEDICINE, CONSISTING LARGELY IN THE USE OF HERBS, STILL PERSISTS.

              1) ложным

              2) в тексте нет информации

              3) истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

5. A HOLE MADE IN THE SKULL OF THE VICTIM WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE MEANS OF ESCAPE FOR A DISEASE FROM THE BODY.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

6. PRIMITIVE MEN KNEW WHICH PLANTS THEY COULD USE AS FOOD.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

7. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT WAS THE MEDICINE OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN LARGELY INFLUENCED BY?

              1) It was influenced by disabling diseases.

              2) It was influenced by magic and religion.

              3) It was influenced by natural phenomena.

              4) It was influenced by patients.

8. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

              1) Modern medical practice originates from primitive medicine
                  and folklore.

              2) The practice of trepanning is fast becoming extinct.

              3) It is very difficult to interpret ancient history.

              4) The first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors.

Text 2

TROPICAL MEDICINE

1. The first half of the 20^th century witnessed the virtual conquest of three of the major diseases of the tropics: malaria, yellow fever, and leprosy. At the turn of the century, as for the preceding two centuries, quinine was the only known drug to have any appreciable effect on malaria. With the increasing development of tropical countries and rising standards of public health, it became obvious that quinine was not completely satisfactory. Intensive research between World Wars I and II indicated that several synthetic compounds were more effective.

2. The first of these to become available, in 1934, was quinacrine (known as mepacrine, Atabrine, or Atebrin). In World War II it fulfilled the highest expectations and helped to reduce disease among Allied troops in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Far East. A number of other effective antimalarial drugs subsequently became available, the insecticide DDT among them. The lethal effect of DDT on the mosquito, its relative cheapness, and its ease of use on a widespread scale provided an intensive world-wide campaign, sponsored by the World Health Organisation, bringing malaria under control.

3. Yellow fever is another mosquito-transmitted disease, and the prophylactic value of modern insecticides in its control was almost as great as in the case of malaria. The forest reservoirs of the virus present a more difficult problem, but the combined use of immunisation and insecticides did much to bring this disease under control.

4. Until the 1940s the only drugs available for treating leprosy were the chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives. These, though helpful, were far from satisfactory. In the 1940s the group of drugs known as the sulfones appeared, and it soon became apparent that they were infinitely better than any other group of drugs in the treatment of leprosy. Several other drugs later proved promising. Although there is as yet no known cure for leprosy, the outlook has so changed that there are good grounds for believing that this age-old scourge can be brought under control

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

9. INSECTICIDES WERE USED IN THE FOREST RESERVOIRS TO BRING YELLOW FEVER UNDER CONTROL

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) ложным

              3) истинным

10. THE SULFONES APPEARED TO BE MUCH BETTER THAN ANY OTHER GROUP OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF LEPROSY.

              1) ложным

              2) истинным

              3) в тексте нет информации

11. MOSQUITOES ARE ABLE TO DEVELOP A RESISTANCE TO DDT.

              1) ложным

              2) истинным

              3) в тексте нет информации

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

12. THERE IS NO CURE FOR LEPROSY KNOWN TO ANY COUNTRY PHYSICIANS.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

13. RESEARCH SHOWED THAT SEVERAL SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS WERE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN QUININE.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

14. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHY DID THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION SPONSOR THE WORLD-WIDE CAMPAIGN OF BRINGING MALARIA UNDER CONTROL?

              1) Because a new and highly efficient insecticide DDT appeared.

              2) Because malaria was widely spread in Africa.

              3) Because it wanted to help reduce the disease among Allied
                   troops in Africa.

              4) Because the standards of public health were rising.

15. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

              1) Quinine lost its effect on malaria in the first half of the 20^th
                  century.

              2) The major diseases of the tropics are malaria, yellow fever, and
                   leprosy.

              3) Insecticides did much to bring the three of the major diseases of
                  the tropics undercontrol.

              4) Chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives were helpful for treating
                   leprosy until the 1940s.

Text 3

PLASTIC SURGERY

1. Plastic surgery is surgical speciality concerned with the collection and improvement of physical appearance. It is largely concerned with the bodily surface and with reconstructive work of the face and exposed parts. Although surgical reconstruction of the nose was performed by Hindu physicians before the time of Christ, modern techniques of plastic surgery were originated in the post-World War I years by surgeons repairing the wounds and disfigurements of combat veterans.

2. The term "plastic" refers to the molding and reshaping of body tissues - bone, fat-muscle, cartilage, and skin. Tissue may be moved to fill a depression, to cover a wound, or to improve appearance. The transfer of skin tissue is one of the most common procedures performed in plastic surgery. Sheets of epithelial cells cultured in vitro and synthetic compounds such as silicone are also used as a substitute for absent or deficient natural tissue.

3. Plastic surgery is sometimes considered, incorrectly, to be synonymous with aesthetic, or cosmetic, surgery - that is, surgery performed solely to improve appearance in otherwise healthy persons. The aesthetic element of most plastic surgery, however, is directed at improving severe functional impairments caused by bums and other traumatic injuries; to correct acquired or congenital abnormalities, such as cleft lip and cleft palate, facial bone fractures, and tumours; and to compensate for tissue removed in cancer or other surgery, including reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy.

4. The development of microsurgery in the 1960s and 70s greatly expanded the scope of reconstructive surgery, allowing surgeons to reattach severed fingers and limbs. Exceedingly fine needles and sutures make it possible for the surgeon to rejoin small blood vessels and other minute structures under an operating microscope.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

16. AN OPERATING MICROSCOPE HELPS THE SURGEON TO REJOIN SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER MINUTE STRUCTURES.

              1) ложным

              2) истинным

              3) в тексте нет информации

17. PLASTIC SURGERY IS DIRECTED AT CORRECTING SUCH ABNORMALITIES AS CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE, AND TUMOURS.

              1) ложным

              2) истинным

              3) в тексте нет информации

18. PLASTIC SURGERY IS SYNONYMOUS WITH AESTHETIC, OR COSMETIC, SURGERY.

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) ложным

              3) истинным

19. ELECTION MICROSCOPY ENABLED OBSERVERS TO PEER MORE DEEPLY INTO THE STRUCTURES OF THE CELL.

              1) в тексте нет информации

              2) ложным

              3) истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

20. COSMETIC SURGERY IS PERFORMED TO IMPROVE APPEARANCE IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY PEOPLE.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

21. MODERN TECHNIQUES OF PLASTIC SURGERY WERE AIMED AT REPAIRING THE WOUNDS AND DISFIGUREMENTS OF MILITARY MEN.

              1)

              2)

              3)

              4)

22. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT DOES PLASTIC SURGERY DEAL WITH?

              1) It deals with sheets of epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

Text 4