MACHINE SHOP, TOOLS AND THEIR USE

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ II КУРС (4 семестр)

I. Контрольная работа №2/2

Контрольная работа №6– Иващенко Т.Н. Методические указания по выполнению контрольных работ №1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 для студентов 1 и 2 курсов направления 6.070104 «Морской и речной транспорт» специальности «Эксплуатация судовых энергетических установок» заочной формы обучения, 2009.

II. Практика устной речи:

1. MATERIALFORMING

2. MACHINING

3. SHIPBOARD MAINTENANCE OF MACHINERY

4. WORKSHOPS

III. Чтение и устный перевод текстов:

1. BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES

2. BEARINGS

3. CLUTCHES

4. MACHINE SHOP, TOOLS AND THEIR USE

II. Практика устной речи:

MATERIALFORMING

In the production of engineering equipment various different processes are used to produce the assortment of component parts. These forming or shaping processes can be grouped as follows:

1. Casting.

2. Forging.

3. Extruding.

4. Sintering.

5. Machining.

Casting is the use of molten metal poured into a mould of the desired shape. A wooden pattern, slightly larger in dimensions than the desired item, to allow for shrinkage, may be used to form a mould in sand. Entry and exit holes, the gate and riser, are provided for the metal in the sand mould. Alternatively a permanent metal mould or 'die' may be made in two parts and used to make large quantities of the item. This method is called 'die casting'. The molten metal may be poured into the dies or forced in under pressure.

Forging involves shaping the metal when it is hot but not molten. In the manufacturing process of forging a pair of die blocks have the hot metal forced into them. This is usually achieved by placing the metal on the lower half die and forcing the top half down by a hydraulic press.

Extrusion involves the shaping of metal, usually into a rod or tube cross section, by forcing a block of material through appropriately shaped dies. Most metals must be heated before extrusion in order to reduce the extruding pressure required.

Sintering is the production of shaped parts from metal powder. A suitable metal powder mixture is placed in a die, compressed and heated to a temperature about two thirds of the material melting point. This heating process results in the powder compacting into a metal in the required shape.

Machining of one type or another is usually carried out on all metal items. This may involve planing flat surfaces, drilling holes, grinding rough edges, etc. Various equipment, such as milling machines, drilling machines, grinders, lathes, etc., will be used. Many of these machines are automatic or semi-automatic in operation and can perform a number of different operations in sequence.

MACHINING

Any one of a group of operations that change the shape, surface finish, or mechanical properties of a material by the application of special tools and equipment. Machining almost always is a process where a cutting tool removes material to effect the desired change in the workpiece.

Typically, powered machinery is required to operate the cutting tools. Although various machining operations may appear to be very different, most are very similar: they make chips. These chips vary in size from the long continuous ribbons produced on a lathe to the microfine sludge produced by lapping or grinding. These chips are formed by shearing away the workpiece material by the action of a cutting tool. Cylindrical holes can be produced in a workpiece by drilling, milling, reaming, turning, and electric discharge machining (EDM). Rectangular (or nonround) holes and slots may be produced by broaching, milling, grinding, and nibbling; and cylinders may be produced on lathes and grinders.

Special geometries, such as threads and gears, are produced with special tooling and equipment utilizing the same turning and grinding mentioned above. Polishing, lapping, and buffing are variants of grinding where a very small amount of stock is removed from the workpiece to produce a high-quality surface. In almost every case, machining accuracy, economics, and production rates are controlled by the careful evaluation and selection of tooling and equipment. Speed of cut, depth of cut, cutting-tool material selection, and machinetool selection have a tremendous impact on machining. In general, the more rigid and vibration-free a machining tool is, the better it will perform.

SHIPBOARD MAINTENANCE OF MACHINERY

Maintenance problems have recently become more serious, particularly because of the over-complicated designs, delivery delays of spares and unmanned engine room working.

Too much of complication in machinery has made repair more difficult worldwide.

The most efficient and cost effective method of repair is the fitting of proper maker’s replacement parts in-situ by the ships’ engineers but this requires that the correct spare parts are always on the ship at the right time.

There are many thousands of different parts for the main and auxiliary diesels and hundreds more for each auxiliary machine. It soon becomes impossible to predict, even by computer, which part is going to be required next, so as to ensure its availability on board.

When an urgent request from a ship for spares is received, the problem of availability at the makers’ works arises. Delivery times range from days to months. So delivery by air has become commonplace.

When spares become available all that is necessary is an aircraft to deliver them. This may take only a few hours – always assuming the ship’s next destination is known.

Larger parts require special charter flights which take extra time to organize and the cost of transport can amount to many times the value of the part concerned.

WORKSHOPS

In addition tospecial portable tools, much improved workshop machinery is now provided, to enable a wider spectrum of repair work to be undertaken on board. A medium size universal lathe with all attachments is the first essential thing in the workshop.

A large vertical drill and a universal shaping machine can also save many hours of hard manual work and achieve greater accuracy. Special valve grinding equipment can also be very useful on board.

A welding plant is essential preferably portable, to enable it to be taken on deck for work on the ship, as well as for use in the workshop. Welding work must however be approached with caution and only be done by persons who have received proper instruction. Its use should be limited to simple or emergency work, unless welding seems can be checked and tested for safety, especially if used for lifting gear or on boilers or pressure vessels.

So important and valuable can a well-equipped engineers’ workshop prove that consideration is now being given to making it an extension of the engine control room to be soundproof and air-conditioned and, at the same time, be handy to the monitoring and control center.

III. ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ УСТНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ И ПЕРЕВОДА

BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES

The belt drive is the most widely used kind of driving on metal-cutting lathes. The belt drive in lathes is used mainly for transmitting rotation of an electromotor from one pulley to another owing to the tension of the belt. For instance, in some lathes drive to the headstock is provided by belts from a motor, the mounting plate of which is allowed to pivot freely so that the belts are tensioned by the weight of the motor.

The belt-and-pulley system of transmitting rotary motion is subject to belt slippage and is therefore not positive. Belts are still incorporated in the drive, because of the safety factor inherent in a friction drive and because of the silence, as compared with gearing run at high speeds. Fig. 43 shows a belt drive consisting of two| pulleys A and B, mounted on two parallel shafts which are connected by an endless belt. The pulley A which transmits rotation is called the "driving pulley"* while the pulley В receiving rotation from the pulley A and transmitting it to its shaft is known as "driven pulley."** The friction surface of a driving pulley should be of a comparatively soft material, while that of the driven pulley is usually made of hard material. Such an arrangement ensures the maintenance of the friction surfaces. Otherwise, if the driven pulley were made of the softer material, its surface would be injured and ruined.

There are two main kinds of belts such as flat belts and V-belts. Flat belts are made of leather, cotton yarn or rubberized cloth. V-belts manufactured of rubberized cloth are of a trapezoidal shape. They are pulled over the pulleys into special grooves, which considerably reduces their slipping off the pulleys during operation. Therefore this kind of belt finds ever increasing application on metal-cutting tools and is tending to replace flat belts. When a chain is applied there is no rolling contact as with gears. It transmits its tension uniformly to every tooth of the chain gear coming into contact with it. In this case there is no one-tooth action as in gears, and no losses due to rolling friction and the shock of transferring the load from the tooth. The link-belt silent chain can be, and should be, run slack. Belts require a tension in excess of the effective working tension, and to that extent there is a loss of power on the pulley of the shaft. Belts run on¹ by inertia and slip and lose power in that way and the less the belt tension is the more it slips, but the link-belt silent chain never slips.

¹. Belts run on - ремнинабегают

* American - driver

** American – follower

VOCABULARY

belt        ремень, лента;

flatb.                   плоский ремень;

V-b.                     клиновидный

drive      привод, передача; двигать; приводить во вращение;

beltd.                            ременная передача;

chaind.               цепная передача;

cuttingd.               привод резания;

feedd.                            привод подачи;

pulleyd.               передача при помощи шкива;

plate пластинка, плита; покрывать;

indexp.                  индексная пластинка, делительный диск;

mountingp.             монтажная плита;

pulley    шкив;

drivenp.                 ведомыйшкив;

drivingp.                ведущий шкив;

idlep.                   натяжной ролик;

idlerp.                 натяжной ролик;

pivot                        свободно вращаться вокруг оси, качаться,                                       поворачиваться, надеть на что-л.;

chain     цепь;

drivingch.               приводнаяцепь;

link-beltsilentch.    шарнирнаябесшумнаяцепь;

BEARINGS

A bearing is a machine part which supports shafts and spindles. Bearings are classified as plain (sliding contact) bearings and antifriction (rolling contact) bearings.

Listed below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of sliding contact (plain) bearings as compared with rolling contact (antifriction) bearings.

Advantages: 1) Require less space; 2) are quieter in operation; 3) are lower in cost, particularly in high-volume production; 4) have greater rigidity; and 5) their life is generally not limited by fatigue.

Disadvantages: 1) Have higher frictional properties resulting in higher power consumption; 2) are more susceptible to damage from foreign material in lubrication system; 3) have more stringent lubrication requirements; and 4) are more susceptible to damage from interrupted lubrication supply.

In plain bearings one friction surface slides upon another. Plain bearings may be of two classes: bearings with a continuous rotary motion and those with an intermittent motion. The first class of plain bearings is represented by journal bearings and thrust bearings. Journal bearings are bearings carrying a load which acts at right angles to the shaft axis. Thrust bearings take a load acting in the direction of the shaft axis. The second class of plain bearings embraces bearings of parts having a rocking motion, or a linear reciprocating motion.

Antifriction bearings are also subdivided in two main classes depending upon the type of rolling elements: ball bearings and roller bearings. In rotating machines, noise and vibration are indications of faulty operation of ball bearings or roller bearings. A ball bearing consists of two rings: an inner ring and an outer ring between which there are hardened steel balls spaced in a ball retainer or cage. If the inner ring had been lifted to a tilt position, the balls would have been forced to climb one side of the raceway during a part of revolution, with resulting drag on the bearing retainer, then, the balls would have accelerated down the raceway to climb the opposite side in the other part of the revolution, reversing the strains on the bearing retainer. In this instance, the balls, instead of rotating about a true horizontal axis, rush to turn from contact with the sides of the raceway and to reverse their direction of turn during the second half of the revolution. In rotating machines, the balls are spaced so that they do not touch each other, thus reducing wear and noise. They require an absolutely parallel raceway to roll upon, entirely free from eccentricity, wobble or other variations.

Ball bearings may be of the following types: radial bearings, thrust bearings, and radial-thrust bearings. In their turn radial ball bearings which serve to take loads acting at right angles to the shaft axis, may be of two types: single-row (Fig. 44) and double-row radial bearings. All the radial bearings are used when high speeds are required. The precision-made radial bearings give the finest service together with a long bearing life. Thrust ball bearings are bearings taking axial loads and giving maximum efficiency with combined journaland thrust loads. They are also recommended for thrust duty¹ at high speeds. Radial ball bearings can take both radial and axial loads.

In roller bearings hardened steel rollers are used between the rings instead of balls. Roller bearings permit a larger load and have a longer bearing life in comparison with ball bearings. The rollers used in roller bearings may be of different shape: cylindrical, conical, spherical, and concave. Roller bearings, in turn, may be subdivided into single-row and double-row bearings. Bearings with cylindrical rollers are intended to take radial loads, while those with conical rollers may take both radial and axial loads.

¹. thrustduty - работа при осевых нагрузках

VOCABULARY

bearing                     подшипник, вкладыш (подшипника), опора, опорная                                                  поверхность;

antifrictionb.                 подшипник качения;

ballb.                   шарикоподшипник;

ballthrustb.            упорный шарикоподшипник;

journalb.            опорный подшипник;

one-row-ballb.           однорядный шарикоподшипник;

plainb.                          подшипник скольжения;

radialb.                         опорный или радиальный подшипник;

radialthrustb.                радиально-упорный подшипник;

rollerb.                          роликовый подшипник;

single-row-ballb.           однорядный шарикоподшипник;

thrustb.                         упорный шарикоподшипник;

motion            движение;

forwardm.                    поступательное движение;

intermittentm.                 прерывистое движение;

reciprocatingm.            возвратно-поступательное движение;

rockingm.                     качательное движение;

cage       сепаратор (подшипника);

retainer  сепаратор подшипника;

race       канавка качения, обойма (подшипника);

wobble  колебаться, качаться; биение;

load       нагрузка, нагружать;

axial 1.                  осевая нагрузка;

bending 1.                     нагрузка на сгиб;

compression 1.           нагрузканасжатие;

impact 1.                      динамическая (ударная) нагрузка;

radial 1.                 радиальная нагрузка;

shearing 1.                    нагрузка на срез; срезывающее усилие;

tensile 1.             нагрузка при испытании на разрыв, растягивающее усилие;

thrust 1.                 осевое давление, осевая нагрузка;

CLUTCHES

A clutch is a device for connecting two parts, such as shafts or a shaft and a pulley. The difference between a coupling and a clutch is that a coupling is used to connect two shafts permanently, while a clutch may ensure easy and quick connection and disconnection of two shafts. Clutches used in lathes are subdivided into several types, such as rigid couplings and disengaging clutches. A. rigid coupling serves for connecting coaxial shafts which are not disengaged in the. process of operation. Fig. 45 shows a rigid coupling, which consists of a solid bushing connecting electric motor and lathe shafts by means of a key. Disengaging clutches are applied in lathes for temporary engagement and disengagement of a shaft and parts connected with it. They are divided into friction clutches and yaw clutches. Friction clutches serve to connect а stationary machine part to transmit the required power. Sometimes friction clutches are intended as safety devices to prevent the breakage of parts in the transmission train.

Friction clutches may be divided into two groups, according to the direction of the acting force: axial clutches and radial or rim clutches. In axial clutches the contact pressure is applied in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation, while in rim clutches the contact pressure is applied upon a rim in a radial direction. Axial clutches can be subdivided into cone clutches, and combined cone and disc clutches. Fig. 46 shows a cone clutch. By moving a movable wheel the cone disc connected with the toothed wheel by a key may engage the cone located in the movable wheel. Thus the cone disc is pressed against the inside cone of the movable disc, friction necessary for transmitting rotary movement to the movable wheel being created between the two cones. The outside cones are meshed by an eccentric clamp. By turning the eccentric clamp to 90° the friction clutch is disengaged, a spring pressing out the toothed wheel from the friction disc. Radial or rim clutches may be classified as band clutches, block clutches, and as external, internal, and combined internal and external clutches. Jaw clutches consist of two half-clutches – a. fixed one and a movable one which have jaws on their faces. The fixed half-clutch is rigidly fastened on one shaft, the movable one being keyed to another shaft. The shafts are connected through the coupling of jaws on both half-clutches.

The following factors are decisive in selecting the type of clutch to be used: torque, rotative speed, available space, and frequency of operation. When a heavy torque should be transmitted a clutch must have sufficient gripping power, which is usually ensured by multi-disc clutches. For low-speed service cone and rim clutches are used. For high rotative speeds light, compact and internally balanced clutches of the multi-disc type may be applied. Space being limited, multi-disc, twin-cone and double-cone clutches are used because of their greater compactness in comparison with other types of clutches. Single-disc clutches with metal contact surfaces and cone clutches are the most suitable ones for frequent or continuous operation.

VOCABULARY

clutch              сцепление, муфтасцепления;

axialс.                 осеваямуфта;

bandс.                 дисковая муфта;

block с.               муфта с раздвижными -солодками:;

cone с.                 коническая фрикционная муфта;

disc с.                           дисковая муфта, тарельчатая муфта;

disengagingс.                расцепнаямуфта;

fixedс.                 постоянная муфта;

friction с.               фрикционная муфта, фрикцион;

jaw с.                            кулачковая муфта;

multi-disc с.                  многодисковая муфта;

rim с.                            обгонная муфта;

safety с.               предохранительная муфта;

semi с.                 полумуфта;                                          

coupling муфта сцепления;

torque    крутящий момент, вращающий момент;

mesh зацепление, зацеплять(ся), сцеплять(ся);

engage   зацеплять(ся), включать;

wheel колесо, зубчатое колесо;

abrasivew.                    абразивный круг, шлифовальный круг; точильный камень;

feedw.                    зубчатое колесо механизма подачи;

grindingw.                    шлифовальный круг;

toothedw.                   зубчатое колесо;

wormw.                        червячное колесо;

clamp    зажим, зажимать;

eccentric эксцентрик; эксцентричный;

jaw        кулачок (патрона), губка, щека (например, тисков);

movablej.                      подвижная губка;

solidj.                  неподвижнаягубка;

MACHINE SHOP, TOOLS AND THEIR USE

A machine shop¹ is a place in the ship’s machinery spaces where pieces² of metal and machine parts are machined. The standard machine tools⁵ used in a ship's machine shop are a lathe⁸, a drilling machine⁷ and grinding machine⁸.

A lathe is a machine tool in which the work⁹, while revolving¹⁰ on a horizontal axis¹¹ is acted upon¹² by a cutting tool¹³.

A drilling machine is a machine tool used for producing holes¹⁴ in metal. In this machine, the work is securely¹⁵ held¹⁶ while a re­volving cutting tool¹⁷ is fell into it.

Calipers²⁴are used for measuring²⁵ diameters and distances or for comparing²⁶ sizes.

Chisels²⁷ are tools used for chipping²⁸ or cutting metal.

Clamps²⁹may be used to hold pieces of material while they are being worked on³⁰.

Dies³¹are used for threading³² pieces of round stock³³.

Drills³⁴ are made of carbon steel³⁵ or high speed³⁶ alloy³⁷ steel. They are used for general purposes - making small and large holes.

Files are used for cutting³⁸, smoothing³⁹ or removing small amounts of metal. They are made in various⁴⁰ shapes⁴¹, cut⁴² of teeth⁴³ and length.

Hack-saw⁴⁴is used for cutting metal with its blade⁴⁵.

Fitter’s hammers⁴⁶are used for general purpose. Soft⁴⁷ ham­mers are used for hammering⁴⁸ or working on finished surfaces. Sledge-hammers⁴⁹are used for producing heavy blows⁵⁰. Scaling hammers are more often used as chipping hammers for removing scale⁵¹, paint⁵², etc.

Nuts⁵³, Bolts⁵⁴ and Screws⁵⁵are used for fastening⁵⁶ or han­dling metal parts together in assembly⁵⁷. Cap screws⁵⁸ and machine screws are always used without nuts.

Screw drivers⁵⁹ are used to tighten⁶⁰ or loosen⁶¹ screws. They may be regular⁶², crosshead⁶³/Phillips-head⁶⁴, and ratchet⁶⁵ drivers.

Packing tools are used to remove soft packing⁶⁶ from the pack­ing glands of valves and pumps.

Pliers⁶⁸are used for general purposes, electrical work and for better gripping⁶⁹. Their types are combination⁷⁰, side-cutting⁷¹ for stripping⁷ wire insulation ³, needle-nose⁷⁴ used to get into tight spaces and comers, nippers⁷⁵ used for cutting wire, vise-grips⁷⁶ that have teeth for better gripping of nuts.

Protractors⁷⁷are used in measuring or laying out⁷⁸ angles⁷⁹.

Punches⁶⁰are used for making a starting mark for a drill; for making centres and lines; for knocking out⁸¹ rivets⁸², bolts, etc., for following through a hole without jamming⁸³, for lining up⁸⁴ corre­sponding ⁸⁵ holes in adjacent⁸⁶ parts.

Screw Geared Chain Hoist⁸⁷ is a handy⁸⁸ portable⁸⁹ hoist, which is light⁹⁰ and powerful⁹¹, it holds¹⁶ securely¹⁵ and will not lower⁹² unless⁹³ the chain is pulled⁹⁴.

Scrapers⁹⁵ are made in many forms, and are used for scraping or removing high spots⁹⁶ from flat⁹⁷ surfaces, to refit⁹⁸ a bearing .

Scribers¹⁰⁰are used to make narrow¹⁰¹ lines on metal.

Taps¹⁰² are used for making an exact¹⁰³hole thread¹⁰⁴. Thickness gage¹⁰⁵ or a feeler gage ¹⁰⁶is used for measuring distances or clearances107 between two surfaces.

Wire and sheet gage¹⁰⁸is used to measure cross sections¹⁰⁹ of wires and metal sheets.

Wrenches¹¹⁰ or Spanners¹¹¹ are tools used for tightening⁶⁰ or removing bolts⁵⁴, nuts⁵³ , studs¹¹², etc. or for gripping⁸⁹ round material like a pipe, stud or rod. By their heading¹¹³ they are classified as adjustable¹¹⁴ , solid-ended¹¹⁵ and open-ended¹¹⁶.

VOCABULARY

1. machineshop - механическая мастерская

2. piece [pi:s] - изделие; деталь; заготовка

3. machine parts - детали машин

4. are machined - обрабатываются на станке

5. machine tool - металлорежущий станок

6. lathe - токарный станок

7. drilling machine - сверлильныйстанок

8. grinding machine - заточныйстанок

9. work - обрабатываемая деталь

10. to revolve - вращаться

11. axis - ось

12. itisactedupon - на него оказывается воздействие

13. cutting tool - режущий инструмент; резец

14. hole [houl] - дыра; отверстие

15. securely - прочно

16. is held - удерживается

17. см. n. 13.

18. grindstone - шлифовальный круг; точильный камень

19. is used as - используетсякак

20. degree - степень

21. accuracy - точность; правильность

22. smooth - гладкий, ровный

23. finish - отделка

24. calliper - штангенциркуль

25. measuring - измерение

26. to compare - сравнивать

27. chisel - зубило; долото

28. chipping - скалывание; обрубка

29. clamp - зажим; скоба; фиксатор

30. they are being worked on - ониобрабатываются

31. die - плашка; лерка

32. threading -резьбонарезание

33. stock - заготовка

34. drill - сверло

35. carbon steel - углеродистаясталь

36. highspeedsteel - быстрорежущая (инстру­ментальная) сталь

37. alloy - сплав

38. cutting - резка

39. smoothing - чистовая обработка; сглаживание

40. various - различный; разный

41. shape - форма

42. cut - сечение

43. teeth - зубья

44. hack-saw - ножовка

45. blade - пильное (ножовочное) полотно

46. fitter’shammer - слесарный молоток

47. soft - мягкий

48. hammering - (про) ковка

49. sledgehammer - кузнечный молот

50. blow - удар

51. scale - окалина; нагар; накипь

52. paint - краска

53. nut - гайка

54. bolt - болт

55. screw - (крепёжный) винт

56. fastening - закрепление; прикрепление

57. assembly - комплект; сборочная единица; узел в сборе

58. capscrew - винт с головкой под ключ

59. screwdriver - отвёртка

60. totighten - затягивать; подтягивать; уплотнять

61. toloosen - ослаблять; освобождать; отсоединять; откреплять

62. regular - обычный

63. crosshead - крестообразный

64. phillips (-head) - крестообразный

65. ratchet - с трещбткой

66. soft packing - мягкийнабивочныйматериал

67. packing gland - сальник

68. pliers - плоскогубцы

69. gripping - схватывание; захватывание

70. combination pliers - пассатижи (плоскогубцы и кусачки)

71. side-cutting pliers - плоскогубцы-бокорезы

72. stripping - сдирание; обдирка

73. insulation - изоляция

74. needle-nose pliers-острогубцы

75. nipper pliers - кусачки

76. vise-grip pliers - прижимныеклещи

77. protractor - транспортир

78. tolayout - разбивать; размечать; прокладывать

79. angle - угол

80. punch - пробойник; кернер

81. to knock out - выбивать

82. rivet - заклёпка

83. jamming - заклинивание; защемление

84. tolineup - располагать на одной линии, выравнивать

85. corresponding - соответствующий

86. adjacent - смежный (с)

87. chain hoist - таль; цепной полиспаст

88. handy - удобный для пользования

89. portable - портативный; переносный

90. light - лёгкий

91. powerful - мощный; сильный

92. to lower - опускать

93. unless - еслине

94. to pull - тянуть

95. scraper - шабер; скребок

96. spot - место; участок

97. flat - плоский

98. to refit - (от) ремонтировать

99. bearing - подшипник

100. scriber - чертилка; разметочныйинструмент

101. narrow - узкий

102. tap – метчик

103. exact - точный

104. thread - резьба

105. thickness gage - толщиномер

106. feelergage - щуп для измерения зазоров

107. clearance - зазор

108. sheetgage - калиберная пластина для листового металла                                                                                                           wiregage - калиберный инструмент для проволоки

109. cross section - поперечное сечение

110. wrench - гаечный ключ; гайковёрт

111. spanner - гаечный ключ

112. stud - шпилька

113. heading - высадка головки (заклёпки, болта)

114. adjustable - регулируемый; разводной (о ключе)

115. solid

116. open-ended - с открытымзевом

    TOOLS and EQUIPMENT

Marine Engineers use mechanical hand and power tools a lot. Common tools are sometimes called by different names by different people. For example, wrenches for an American are called spanners by the English. 

With the many different shapes of tools, sometimes it is difficult to know their names. Below, we have pictures of various hand tools. The viewer should be able to learn the names of tools easily from here.

	Combination wrench	Ключ комбинированный
	Adjustable wrench	Ключ разводной
	Flare nut open ring wrench	Гайковерт
	T-handle hexagon socket wrench		ключ T-образныйгаечный
	T-handle wrench with swivelling hexagon sockets		T-образныйключ, шарнирный
	double open end wrench		ключрожковыйдвусторонний
	single open end wrench		ключрожковый, односторонний
	small double open end wrench		ключрожковыйдвусторонний, малый
	double ended deep offset ring wrench		ключнакиднойдвусторонний, изогнутый
	double ended flat ring wrench		ключнакиднойдвусторонний, прямой
	half-moon ring wrench		ключ накидной полумесяц", стартерный ключ
	reversible ratcheting combination wrench		ключ комбинированный рожково - накидной с реверсивной трещоткой
	reversible ratcheting double-ended flat bi-hex ring wrench, chrome-plated		ключ комбинированный рожково-накидной с реверсивной трещоткой, 4 в 1
	ratcheting double-ended flat bi-hex ring wrench		ключ многогранный двойной прямой с трещоткой
	ratcheting double-ended offset ring wrench for scaffolding bolts		Ключ накидной двусторонний с храповым механизмом для строительных лесов

double swivel end socket wrench

ключшарнирныйдвусторонний

	open end slogging wrench	ключрожковыйударный
	ring slogging wrench	ключнакиднойударный
	double ended bi-hex tubular socket wrench, heavy series	двойнойторцовыйключ
	double ended hexagon tubular socket wrench, light series	двойнойторцовыйключ
	double ended hexagon / bi-hex offset socket wrenches, bright chrome-plated	двойной Г-образный торцовый ключ
	hook wrench with square noses, for ring nuts	ключ сегментный фиксированного размера
	hook wrench with square noses for ring nuts	ключ сегментный шарнирный для шлицевых гаек
	hook wrench with round noses for ring nuts	ключ сегментный шарнирный, для круглых гаек с радиальными отверстиями
	round pin wrench for ring nuts with front holes	ключ радиусный для круглых гаек с фронтальными отверстиями, с насадками
	Socket	Ключ патронный
	Torquewrench	Ключ динамометрический
	Screwdriver, male-end wrenchs and bits	Отвертка, г-образные ключи и насадки
	Offsetscrewdriver	Отверткаугловая
	Male end wrench	ключ Г-образныйшестигранный
	Driverwithhandles	ключ Т-образный шестигранный с рукояткой
	T-handle wrench with male ends	Вороткa T-образный 6-гранный ключ, трехсторонний
	Combinationpliers	Кусачки универсальные
	Long nose pliers	плоскогубцы с прямыми полукруглыми концами удлиненные,
	long round knurled nose pliers, slip-proof double layer PVC coated handles	круглогубцы с удлиненными губками, рукоятка из двойного материала
	Adjustable pliers	плоскогубцырегулируемые
	Butt-ended circlip pliers	Щипцыдляколец
	Self-locking pliers	Клещи с регулируемымзевом
	diagonal cutting nippers	Кусачки
	Engineer's hammer	Молоток длямехаников
	Carpenter's hammer	Молоток плотницкий
	Special hammer	Молоток специальный
	Lump and sledge hammer	Киянка и кувалда
	Plastic and copper head hammer	Киянкапластиковые и медная
	Chisel	зубило
	flat chisel	зубилоплоское
	flat chisel, ribbed type	зубило плоское с ребрами жесткости
	cape chisel	крейцмейсель
	drift punch	выколотка
	pin punch	выколотка
	center punch	керн
	Two-leg puller	Извлекатели с двумязащелками
	Three-leg pullers	Извлекатели с тремязащелками
	Pullers for separators and separators	Сепараторы
	workshop vernier	Штангенциркуль
	Micrometer	Микрометрдлянаружныхповерхностей
	screw pitch gauge	Резьбомер
	Shears	Резаки
	bolt cutter	Устройствоперекусыванияболтов
	hacksaw frame	Ножовкарамочная
	Wood rip saw	пилаподереву
	fixed frame hacksaw	Пилалучковая
	needle files	надфили
	file brush	щеткадлянапильников
	flat rasp file	рашпильплоский
	round rasp,	рашпильполукруглый
	universal cut flat files	напильникиплоскиеуниверсальные
	Parallel bench vices	Тиски
	Screw clamps	Струбцины

Контрольная работа №2/2.

Составитель:Иващенко Т.Н., ст. преподаватель, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков.

Основная литература:Контрольная работа №5– Иващенко Т.Н. Методические указания по выполнению контрольных работ №1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 для студентов 1 и 2 курсов направления 6.070104 «Морской и речной транспорт» специальности «Эксплуатация судовых энергетических установок» заочной формы обучения, 2009.

К выполнению контрольной работы № 2/2 студенту следует приступить лишь после того, как, в соответствии с методическими указаниями, им будет усвоен и закреплен лексический и грамматический материал предыдущих занятий, будут проработаны тексты по специальности, изучены разделы практики устной речи, выполнен комплект тестов и упражнений на основе следующих разделов грамматики:

1. Формы простых и сложных причастий; образование, способы перевода, функции предложения.

2. Причастные обороты; особенности перевода зависимых и независимых причастных оборотов.

3. Словообразования: интернационализм, однокоренные слова.

Grammar Tables

Participle I

(Причастие настоящего времени)

Образование:

Функции:

    В предложении ParticipleI может быть: определением (а) или обстоятельством (б):

а) Определение:

    The child sleeping on the sofa is Jack.

    Ребенок, спящий на диване, Джек.

б) Обстоятельство:

Reading your translation the teacher found several mistakes.

Читая ваш перевод, учитель нашел несколько ошибок.

ParticipleII

(Причастие прошедшего времени)

        ParticipleII (Причастие II) – это третья основная форма глагола (первые две формы – неопределенная форма глагол, или инфинитив, и форма прошедшего времени). Стандартные глаголы образуют эту форму при помощи суффикса –ed (т. е. эта форма совпадает с формой прошедшего времени). Нестандартные глаголы имеют особые формы, не всегда совпадающие с формой прошедшего времени.

    Сравнение:

    Стандартные глаголы                               Нестандартные глаголы

        ask – asked – asked                                       go – went – gone

    want – wanted – wanted                                         come – came – come

    work – worked – worked                              speak – spoke – spoken

Причастные обороты

Participle Construction

В английском языке причастные обороты бывают двух типов:

1. Обороты, в которых причастие выражает действие, относящееся к лицу (или предмету), обозначенному подлежащим предложения.

e.g. Knowing English well, my brother was able to translate the article without any difficulty.

Зная хорошо английский язык, мой брат смог перевести статью без всякого затруднения.

e.g. The text translated by the student is not difficult.

2. Независимый или самостоятельный причастный оборот.

Независимый, или самостоятельный, при­частный оборот называется так потому, что в нем имеется самостоятельное подлежащее, не зависящее от подлежащего данного предложения. Так, сложноподчи­ненному предложению:

Astheweatherwasbad, the                                         Так как погода была плохая,

ship did not leave the port.                                        судно не вышло из порта,

соответствует по значению простое предложение с незави­симым причастным оборотом: Theweatherbeingbad, theshipdidnotleavetheport.

Независимый причастный оборот может выражать об­стоятельства причины, времени, условия и сопутствую­щие обстоятельства. Он переводится на русский язык при­даточными обстоятельственными предложениями.

Если независимый причастный оборот стоит в начале предложения, он обычно переводится придаточными пред­ложениями, вводимыми союзами так как, когда, если, в то время, потому что, тогда как, поскольку:

The fish being not perfectly fresh, Таккакрыбабыланевполне

they were salted by the method свежая, еёзасолилисухимпосолом.

of dry-salting.

Weather permitting, we shall put Еслипогодапозволит, мывыйдемвморе

to sea at dawn.                            нарассвете.

Thecaviarwasready-made, we     Когда икра была готова, мы уложили ее

packed it in kegs and delivered      бочонкииотправиливхолодильник.

to the refrigerator.                               

Если независимый причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения и выражает сопутствующее обстоятельство, он обычно переводится придаточным предложением с со­юзом причем:

Thenightcatchofketaandcoho      Ночной улов кеты и кижуча был отправлен на                                   

was delivered to the refrigerator ship, былотправленнаплавучийрефрижератор,

part of which being returned to the    причемчастьрыбыбылавозвращенанаберег

shore because of the shortage of space. из-за недостатка места на рефрижераторе.     

Независимый причастный оборот часто встречается в сов­ременном английском языке в научно-технических и деловых текстах; в разговорной речи он не употребляется.

Вариант 1.

1. Translate the following text into Russian in writing:

WELDING

Welding is a process when metal parts are joinedtogether by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. The processed- of welding can be divided into two main groups:

• pressure welding, when the weld is achieved by pressure and

• heat welding, when the weld is achieved by heat. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.

Nowadays welding is used instead of bolting and riveting in the construction of many types of structures, including bridges, buildings, and ships. It is also a basic process in the manufacture of machinery and in the motor and aircraft industries. It is necessary almost in all productions where metals are used.

The welding process depends greatly on the properties of the metals, the purpose of their application and the available equipment. Welding processes are classified according to the sources of heat and pressure used.

The welding processes widely employed today include gas welding, arc welding, and resistance welding. Other joining processes are laser welding, and electron-beam welding. Gas Welding

Gas welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas flame. The flame is applied directly to the metal, edges to be joined and simultaneously to a filler metal in the form of wire or rod, called the welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Gas welding has the advantage of using equipment that is portable and does not require an electric power source. The surfaces to be welded and the welding rod are coated with flux, a fusible material that shields the material from air, which would result in a defective weld.

2. Answerthefollowingquestions:

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. How can the process of welding be divided?

3. What is welding used instead of?

4. What does the welding process depend greatly on?

5. What kinds of welding do you know?

3. Find the Russian equivalents in the right hand column: