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Green IT

The world's ICT carbon emissions are thought to be equal to the emissions of the aviation industry. The amount of electricity required to send, read and delete all the spam email in the world could power millions of homes instead.

Conversely, using videoconferencing instead of flying to the meeting, can considerably reduce air transport carbon emissions. Allowing computers to run smart buildings, where the heating, cooling, ventilation and lightning are managed as economically as possible is another useful application of digital technologies.

However electronic equipment itself should be as efficient as possible. Data centres use huge amounts of electricity to power chips that generate lots of heat, and more power is needed to cool them down. Data centres could be made greener by being built in locations with lots of sunlight. Thus they could be powered by solar energy. At users level there are initiatives like "Blackle", which highlights that black computer screens and white letters would use less power.

When we come to the end of a product's life we should know how to dispose tones of computers, screens, mobiles, smartphones and cables each year. European countries have signed the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive(WEEE) and encourage everyone to reuse, recycle and recover electrical and electronic equipment. The directive places the responsibility and associated costs of disposal onto the manufacturer or the user. The result is that equipment should be designed and made to last longer. When it is thrown away and replaced by the latest models, much of it can be recycled and sent to developing countries where it can be used again.

Questions for discussion:

1. What is the world's ICT carbon emissions equal to?

2. How can IT industry be dangerous for the environment?

3. How could IT industry be good for the environment?

4. What do Data centres use and generate in order to function?

5. What could be done to make Data centres greener?

6. What is the aim of "Blackle" initiative?

7. What document has Europe signed?

8. Who is responsible for disposal of old computers and mobiles?

9. What should be done with the thrown away models?

10. Where can recycled equipment be used again?

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Ecotourism

Ecotourism or responsible tourism is a form of travelling that involves visiting the destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. According to the definition of ecotourism established by the International Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people".

For many countries, such as Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya and Madagascar ecotourism is not simply a finance protection of the environment, but is a major industry of the national economy. Ecotourism is a travel activity that ensures direct financial support to local people where tourism activities are being generated. It supports small stakeholders to ensure that money will never go out from the local economies.

Responsible tourism set up programmes that minimise the negative aspects of conventional tourism on natural areas, local economy and cultural integrity of local people. The purpose of those programmes is to educate the traveller, to provide funds for ecological conservation and to build environmental awareness. The programmes are addressed to provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people, to foster respect for local culture and to support human rights and democratic movements.

The concept of ecotourism is often widely misunderstood. In practice it is often used as a marketing tool to promote tourism that is related to nature. Critics claim that the practice, carried out in the name of ecotourism, often consists of placing a hotel in a splendid landscape leading to the damage of the ecosystem. Tourists with the labels of “green” or “eco-friendly” behave in environmentally irresponsible ways.

Sun-and-sea areas with poorly developed industry have to survive in the terms of globalisation. That is why they have to offer their natural beauty and cheap labour force. What should they take into consideration if they want to keep themselves profitably safe and attractive?

The local authorities must set up conservation areas trying to keep the tourists in one place and restrict access to the sites of interest. Tourists should not impinge on local ways of life too much. Building smaller tourist developments that can fit in with local architecture is another important aspect, which the local government should take into consideration.

Questions for discussion:

1. What form of travelling is ecotourism?

2. How is ecotourism defined according to the International Ecotourism Society?

3. What does ecotourism mean for the integrity of the country?

4. What does ecotourism activity ensure?

5. What can the responsible tourism programmes really minimise?

6. What is the aim of responsible tourism programmes?

7. Why do critics claim ecotourism business?

8. What must sun-and-sea areas do to survive in the terms of globalisation?

9. What should poor south countries do to keep themselves profitably safe and attractive?

10. What tourist developments should be built in such countries?

Competence Development

Ролевая игра «Глобальный форум «Наука. Экология. Жизнь».

Подготовьте сообщения об экологических проблемах в разных странах, например, в США, Великобритании, Австралии, России, Японии, Индии, Китае, Чаде, Никарагуа. Предложите решение этих проблем.

Module VII. International Organisations Чем заголовок этого модуля отличается от следующего?

Unit I. International Organisations

Запишите данные слова в тетрадь и запомните их.

opportunity – возможность

headquarters – штаб-квартира

donation – пожертвование

significant – значительный

self-determination – самоопределение

denuclearisation – создание безъядерной зоны

non-intervention – невмешательство

recognition – признание

Запишите и запомните следующие словосочетания и их перевод.

the World Wide Fund for Nature – Всемирный фонд дикой природы

the International Committee of the Red Cross – Международный комитет Красного Креста

MBAs without borders – MBA без границ

the World Youth Alliance – Всемирный союз молодежи

the World Trade Organisation – Всемирная торговая организация

the International Monetary Fund (the IMF) – Международный валютный фонд

the European Economic Community – Европейское экономическое сообщество

UNESCO – the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation – Организация Объединённых Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры (ЮНЕСКО)

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Всемирная Декларация прав человека

Найдите пары синонимов и запишите их в тетрадь.

Organisation, category, creation, aim, include, company, type, establishment, involve, goal.

Найдите пары антонимов и запишите их в тетрадь.

Independence, voluntarily, important, dependence, wide, compulsory, narrow, rise, unimportant, fall.