Выберите верное вводное слово из двух предложенных.

There's been a lot of talk about a “spaceship” seen over the town at about eleven o’clock on Friday night.

(1)As a result/Nevertheless, hundreds of enthusiastic sky-watchers have arrived in town, hoping that it will return. But was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw it. (2) Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph which is supposed to show the object in the sky. We know, (3) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to produce. (4) By the way/In other words, it is almost certainly a fake. But it would be wrong to treat the whole thing as a joke. (5) All the same/On the contrary, all such reports should be carefully investigated. (6) After all/Anyway, the arrival of a spacecraft from another world would indeed be a serious matter. But usually there is a more simple explanation. Many supposed spaceships turn out to be weather balloons, (7) for example/or rather. A similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone from another world really did pay us a visit last Friday.

Прочитайте текст и составьте к нему план.

Greenpeace

Greenpeace is an independent, non-governmental environmental organisation which uses non-violent, creative confrontation to expose global environmental problems, and to force solutions for the green and peaceful future. Based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Greenpeace has 2.8 million supporters worldwide and holds national and regional offices in 45 countries. The executive director of Greenpeace is elected by the board members of Greenpeace International. 

Each regional office is led by a regional executive director elected by the regional board of directors. The regional boards also appoint a representative to the Greenpeace International Annual general meeting.

The global organisation receives its income through the individual contributions of estimated 2.8 million financial supporters, as well as from grants from charitable foundations. It does not accept funding from governments or corporations.

Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1971. Taking its name from the slogan used during the protests against the United States nuclear testing in late 1969, the Committee came together with the objective of stopping a second underground nuclear bomb test codenamedCannikin by the United States military beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska. The first ship expedition was called the Greenpeace I; the second reliefexpedition was nicknamed the Greenpeace Too! The test was not stopped, but the organisation of the committee laid the groundworkfor Greenpeace later activities.

Greenpeace is known for its campaigns to stop atmospheric and underground nuclear testing. In later years, the focus of the organisation turned to other environmental issues, including bottom trawling, global warming, ancient forest destruction, nuclear power, and genetic engineering.

In addition to such methods as lobbying politicians and attendance at international conferences, Greenpeace has a stated methodology of engaging in nonviolent direct actions to draw attention to particular environmental causes.

Throughout the world, ancient forests are in danger. Many of the plants and animals that live in these forests face extinction. And many of the people and cultures who depend on these forests for their way of life are also under threat. Greenpeace exists because this fragile earth deserves a voice. It needs solutions. It needs change. It needs action.

Восстановите хронологическую последовательность событий.

- Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia.

- The Committee came together with the objective of stopping a second underground nuclear bomb test beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska.

- The Greenpeace Too was the second relief expedition.

Прочитайте словосочетания и скажите, что не входит в задачи Международной организации Гринпис.

- to ensure security and cooperation among nations,

- to expose global environmental problems,

- to force solutions for the green and peaceful future,

- to make genetic engineering safe,

- to prevent ancient forest destruction,

- to prevent global warming,

- to stop atmospheric and underground nuclear testing,

- to stop bottom trawling,

- to stop nuclear armament race.

Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные слова в правильную форму.

1. Special systems for industrial water ……… (treat) have recently been installed. 2. The problems of nature ……… (protect) are being discussed now. 3. Innovative ……… (cycle) programmes were adopted at the previous meeting

Допишите предложения, поставив глаголы в нужное время.

1. A new computerized anti-air pollution system ………(to install) recently in Norway. 2. The level of chemical substances ………(to measure)by special sensors nowadays. 3. Signals of the sensors must ………(to send) to a special warning centre. 4. Twenty-five sensitive detectors ……… (to mount)several weeks ago. 5. Nowadays general meteorological information (often) ……… (to predict) by computers. 6. A high source of pollution can ………(to localise) within a minute.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.

1. Международная организация Гринпис была основана в 1971 году. 2. Региональные офисы Гринпис имеются в 45 странах. 3. Где была основана организация Гринпис? 4. Данная организация известна своими кампаниями по защите окружающей среды. 5. Экологов и экспертов уже встретили и отвезли на место катастрофы. 6. Железные дороги рассматриваются как экологически чистый вид транспорта. 7. В прошлом году был подписан ряд соглашений по предотвращению загрязнения океанической среды. 8. Очистительные сооружения будут построены к концу следующего года. 9. Метро строилось как экологически чистый вид транспорта. 10. Экологически грязные технологии не должны применяться на современных предприятиях.

Составьте схему управления организацией и расскажите об организационной структуре Гринпис.

Прочитайте текст второй раз и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the goal of Greenpeace?

2. When was Greenpeace founded?

3. Where are the national offices of Greenpeace located?

4. What is Greenpeace known for?

5. What are the main contemporary environmental issues?

6. What are the main sources of Greenpeace income?

7. How did Greenpeace get its name?

8. What does Greenpeace do now?

9. How does Greenpeace attract attention to particular environmental causes?

10. Why does Greenpeace have so many followers?

Опираясь на информацию текста, сделайте краткое сообщение по данной теме.

Составьте аннотацию к тексту.

Найдите (в электронных или печатных СМИ) материал о деятельности международной организации Гринпис. Подготовьте краткое выступление, продолжительностью не более пяти минут.

Student’s Independent Work

Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на вопросы.

Transport Ecology

Every human activity has a minor or major effect on the environment. Railway transport industry also impacts negatively on nature by building railroads and industrial enterprises. The operation of railways and rolling stock lead to great fuel and energy consumption, and exhaust fumes from diesel locomotives contain a lot of harmful substances.

Construction and functioning of railways is connected with pollution of natural complexes by emissions, drains and waste which break the balance in ecological systems. However, in comparison with other means of transport railways are more environmentally friendly. Thus, electrified railways can carry large volumes of passengers with essentially no pollution at the train, while diesel-powered trains generate fifteen times less harmful substances than automobiles for the same traffic.

The origin of noise from rail traffic usually comes from the engine of rolling stock, wheel-rail interaction, pantograph-contact wire and aerodynamic effects during the movement of the train.

The most efficient way for the reduction of rail noise is the proper track layout and reduction of noise of the diesel engine. However, if the rail nose cannot be reduced in origin, then the solution is in noise barriers. They should be placed as close as possible to the track and have a height no less than 2 meters. In addition noise barriers should be made of special absorbing materials for additional noise reduction.

The transport sector consumes annually 1/3 of the total energy in the world community. Railways have the lowest unit energy consumption compared to other transport modes. Besides, in electrified railways, energy can come from clean forms such as hydro power stations rather than from oil. People have already assessed the advantage of electrified railways especially now when the oil reserves are becoming exhaustible.

Finally, land occupation is much less for rail transport than for other transport modes and specifically three times less than for road transport. For the purposes of comparison with airplanes, it is important to mention that the high-speed Paris-Lyons line (a distance of 427 km), occupies as much space as the Paris airport at Roissy. Different methods based on new technologies can help people use railway transport in the most efficient way.

Questions for discussion:    

1. Does human activity effect on the environment?

2.How does railway transport industry impact on nature?

3. How is construction and functioning of railways connected with pollution of natural complexes?

4. What does the operation of railways lead to?

5. What transport is considered to be environmentally friendly?

6. What is the origin of noise from rail traffic?

7. How do railways try to reduce noise?

8. How much energy does the transport sector consume?

9. What forms of energy can be used for electrified railways?

10. What can help people use railway transport more efficiently?