Модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом

MUST +Perfect Infinitive выражает предположение, которое относится к прошлому. Must в таких случаях переводится на русский язык должно быть, вероятно,а инфинитив – глаголом в прошедшем времени.

They must have forgotten their promise. – Они, должно быть, забыли свое обещание.

The letters must have been sent long ago. – Письма, должно быть, были отправлены давно.

MAYв сочетании с Perfect Infinitive выражает предположение, относящееся к прошедшему. May переводится на русский язык “может быть, возможно”, а инфинитив – глаголом в прошедшем времени.

He may have left Moscow. – Возможно (может быть), он уехал из Москвы.

The delegation may have arrived yesterday. – Возможно, делегация прибылавчера.

The agreement may have been signed. – Возможно, соглашение было подписано.

OUGHT TO (SHOULD)в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется по отношению к прошедшему и означает, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или неправильно поступило, по мнению говорящего, т.е. выражает упрёк или порицание.

He ought not to have sent that telegram. – Он не должен был (ему не следовало бы) посылать эту телеграмму.

He should have helped them. – Он должен был (ему следовало бы) помочь им.

You shouldn’t have gone there yesterday. – Вы не должны были (вам не следовало бы) ходить туда вчера.

CANв сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях для выражения сомнения, удивления по поводу того, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, в действительности совершилось.

He cannot have done it. – Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал. (Он не мог этого сделать).

He cannot have said it. – Не может быть, чтобы он это сказал.

Can he have left? – Неужелион уехал?

COULDза которым следует Perfect Infinitive может переводиться: мог (могли) бы или просто: мог (могли), когда условие не выражено.

He could have asked me about it. Why didn’t he do it? – Он мог бы попросить меня об этом. Почему он этого не сделал.

№ 20. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение конструкции “to be + infinitive”.

1. What am I to do? 2. Ann was to arrive on Saturday. 3. What were we to prepare for today? 4. What is to be done? 5. Jane was to go home with her sister. 6. They reached the hotel where they were to put up for a few days. 7. Рete is a strange person, but that does not mean that he is to be laughed at. 8. What we are to talk about text, I can’t imagine. 9. If we are to guide our guests about the town we must hurry. 10. I’m sorry I was to have called you but I forgot.

№ 21. Заполните пропуски модальными конструкциями “ to be to” или “ to have to”.

1. As the school was far away from the village, the children … taken there by bus. 2. Hurry up! The bus ….. arrive at two o’clock. If you are late, you … walk home. 3. We … take exams in four subjects in spring. 4. After his father’s death Robert … … support his family. 5. More new schools… be built in this district by the end of the year. 6. It was a sunny place, where they … live. 7. The train … have arrived by 7 o’clock. But it hasn’t come yet. 8. If you want to pass the exam successfully you … work hard.

№ 22 . Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Bob______ learn French next year, because he has customers in French-speaking countries.

A will be allowed to    B needn’t

Cmay not                D must

2. – _________ I send the cable right now?

– No, you _________. You _________ do it later.

A must, needn’t, can Bcan, ought to, should

Cmust, needn’t, dare     D shall, may not, would

3. I ________ see him as soon as possible. The matter is urgent.

A can                             Bmust

C used to                       Dmight

4. ________ I leave the office earlier today? My baby is ill, I_____ look after him.

A can, should              B will, need

Cmay, must              Dshould, have to

5. I’ll_____ speak English fluently when I finish my course.

A have to                 Bbe able to

Cbe allowed to          Dbe to

6. My husband often goes to Sochi on business. Last month ____ go there twice.

Ahad to                     Bmust

C used to                     D dare

7. I’m afraid we won’t_____ see our customers next month. We haven’t prepared the necessary documents yet.

A be to                    B be able to

Cshould                  D ought to

8. - __________ I have a single room on the third floor?

- I’m sorry, we won’t_________ give you any room. The hotel is full up.

A should, be to       B can, be allowed to

C can, be able to      Dmay, have to

9. Did you________ discuss the delivery dates in details?

Ahad to                B dare

Cought to             D have to

10. - I have a terrible toothache.

- You_________ see a doctor.

A should               B may

Cwill be allowed    D would

11. - ______ I have breakfast in my room, please?

- Surely, what kind of breakfast______ you like?

- Something very light.

A can, would        Bshould, would

C shall, should       Dneed, would

12. If you place a big order we shall______ give you a discount. As a special occasion we _____ give you a 5% discount.

Aneed, may            Bbe allowed to, are to

C be able to, can     Dhave to dare

13. I’m afraid, we’ll_______ revise some parts of the contract.

A can                      Bought to

Cmust                    D have to

14. All questions concerning shipment of the goods _____ be settled in accordance with the Buyer’s instructions.

Aare to                  Bis to

C might                  D can

15. Smiling is a nice thing and you____________try to find as many nice things to smile at as you _______.

Aused to                  Bshould, can

Cmay, may              Dmight, ought to

16. - Have a cigarette.

- No, thanks, I don’t smoke.

- Oh, I thought you did.

- I_________, but I gave it up.

Aought to                  B must

Cused to                  Dwas to

17. Many cars had radios, so people __________ listen while traveling from place to place.

A could                    Bhad to

Cmight                    D were to

18. To tell the truth I ________ think of Americans as such easy-going people, chewing bubble-gum. Now I ________ see it is not so.

Awould, dare              B used to, can

Ccould, can                 D had to, am to

19. -  I think this guy is from Mississippi.

- I don’t think so. He __________ be an immigrant.

Adare                          B used to

C ought to                    D may

20. My shoes and trousers are all wet. I__________ change my clothes as soon as possible.

A should                   B need not

Cdon’t have to         D could

№ 23 . Вставьте требующийся по смыслу модальный глагол.

1. What… we see on this map? 2. He is busy. He… be writing a book about his travels. 3. Where… the lecture to take place? – I suppose in the assembly hall. 4. You … not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done. 5. If you don’t ring up before six o’clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. 6. I’m afraid you will miss that train. You… take a taxi. 7. … we bring these textbooks every day? – No? You… : you… take them from the library. 8. We… not afford to pay the bill. 9. You… have ignored the instructions of your tennis coach. That’s why you lost the game. 10. If you want to pass the exam successfully you… work hard. 11. … I call a taxi for you? – No? Thank you. I …like to walk a little. 12. I… read the letter twice before I understood it.

№ 24. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы.

1. Учитель сказал, что мы можем идти домой. 2. Не трогай собаку: она может укусить тебя. 3. В США вам разрешают продолжать ездить на машине даже в возрасте 90 лет. 4. Неужели он хороший бегун? Он такой маленький. 5. Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк. (А они уехали). 6. Вы сможете поговорить с ним завтра? 7. Можете сегодня туда не ходить. 8. Не может быть, что ему 40 лет: он выглядит гораздо моложе. 9. На этой неделе нам предстоит встретиться с выдающимися учеными. 10. У них даже яхта есть. Должно быть, они богаты. 11. Дети должны быть более внимательны к своим родителям. 12. Вы не должны давать ребенку столько конфет. 13. Может быть, они и работают за границей, хотя едва ли.

№ 25. Заполните каждое предложение одной из фраз из таблицы.

a) The heating comes on automatically. You………..turn it on.

b) Of course, I’ll help! I………….. let you do it on your own.

c) It’s a lovely hotel. And the staff………….more helpful.

d) George……….. it there if he has stayed there for so long.

e) You……….. right, but I’m still not convinced.

f) We…………….go in this museum. There’s nothing else to do.

g) I love these trees. Without them the garden………….. the same.

h) There’s the phone call I was expecting. It………….. George.

i) Thanks. And now you just……………sign on the dotted line.

j) Try as……………, I simply couldn’t open the lid.

№ 26. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Вы должны прийти после занятий в лингафонный кабинет и поработать с этим текстом. 2. Простите, можно войти? 3. Вы не должны опаздывать. 4. Вам следует быть более внимательным. 5. Вы можете мне помочь? 6. Я не могу перевести это слово. 7. Вы должны принести словари к следующему уроку. 8. Вам не надо брать книгу. 9. Простите, можно здесь курить? 10. Здесь нельзя разговаривать громко. 11. Вы должны помогать своим товарищам. 12. Лекция должна начаться в 11. 13. Вы должны это сделать к вечеру. 14. Шерлок Холмс мог найти преступника, когда полиция Скотланд-Ярда не в состоянии была это сделать.

№ 27. Заполните каждое предложение модальными глаголами из таблицы.

1) You and your big mouth. It was supposed to be a secret. You……….. told her!

2) The plane is late. It…………………landed by now.

3) You……………. met my brother. I haven’t got one!

4) There is only one explanation. You…………………left your keys on the bus.

5) You……….heard me right. I definitely said 204525.

6) The meat is a bit burned. You…… cooked it for so long.

7) I am sorry. I accept I ………….. been a little bit rude.

8) You really…………….. taken so much trouble over me.

9) Was it really necessary? You……………..tell the police, you know.

10) Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden……………… noticed the car’s parking ticket has run out!

№ 28. Переведите на английский язык, используя модальный глагол MUST.

1. Она, должно быть, заболела. Иначе, она была бы уже на работе. 2. По-видимому, это труднее, чем вы предполагали. 3. В окнах нет света. Должно быть, опять никого нет дома. 4. У вас очень много ошибок. Надо уделять больше внимания грамматике. 5. Этот вопрос надо решать немедленно. 6. Очевидно, они говорили обо мне. Когда я подошла, они сразу замолчали. 7. Должно быть, она проводит там много времени. 8. Никого сюда не впускать! 9. Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше. 10. Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать. 11. Очевидно, она сердита на вас, поэтому она не звонит и не заходит. 12. Я звонила вам вчера около шести, но никто не ответил. 13. Он наверняка не знает о вашем отъезде, а то бы он пришел вас проводить.

№ 29. Употребите следующие модальные глаголы: may, might, could, must, can’t.

THE FORMATION OF PLURALS

1. Most words, including those ending in silent -«e» add -s, e.g. ball – balls, table – tables, fact – facts, rose – roses, thing – things, page- pages.

2. Words ending in «y» with a consonant in front of it change the «y» to an «i» and add –es, e.g. army – armies, body – bodies, city – cities, copy – copies, company – companies, country – countries, duty – duties, family – families, lady – ladies, baby – babies, berry – barriers, sky – skies, story – stories.

3. Words ending in «y» with a vowel in front of it add – «s», e.g. boy – boys, day – days,

 toy – toys, tray – trays, key – keys, play – plays, way – ways, monkey – monkeys, storey – storeys, joy – joys.

4. Words ending in – «fe» change to «v» and add –«s», e.g. knife – knives, life – lives.

5. Some word ending in –«f» change «f» to «v» and add– «es»,e.g. half – halves, loaf – loaves, shelf – shelves, thief – thieves, wolf – wolves, self – selves.

6. Some words ending in – «f» add «s», e.g. chief – chiefs, handkerchief – handkerchiefs. But note that some words ending in –«f» can either add – «s» or change «f» to «v» and add –«es» e.g. hoof – hoofs or hooves, scarf – scarfs or scarves.

7. Words ending in –«ff» usually add – «s», e.g. cliff – cliffs, sheriff – sheriffs.

8. Words ending in – «o» add – «s» or –«es», e.g.

- s: dynamo – dynamos, photo – photos, piano – pianos, radio – radios, metro – metros,

- es: hero – heroes, negro – negroes, potato – potatoes, tomato – tomatoes, motto – mottoes, domino – dominoes, echo – echoes.

9. Words ending in – «ch», -«s», -«sh», -«x», -«tch», -«ss» or –«z» add – «es», e.g.

Church – churches, gas – gases, dress – dresses, box – boxes, fox – foxes, bush – bushes, dish – dishes, match – matches, class – classes, branch – branches, buzz – buzzes, loss – losses.

10. Family names usually add –«s» to form the plural, unless they end in -«s», -«ss», -« zz», -«sh», -«ch», -«tch», -«x» which they add –«es», e.g. the Kellys, two Marys, the Browns, but the Foxes, the Joneses, the Harrises.

11. Some words form their plurals mainly by changing their vowels (or some of their vowels), e.g. foot – feet, goose – geese, man – men, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, and woman – women,  Englishman – Englishmen, Frenchman – Frenchmen, BUT: German – Germans.

12. Two words add – «en», e.g. ox – oxen, child – children.

13. Words ending in –«is» change – «is» to –«es», e.g. analysis – analyses, basis – bases, crisis – crises.

14. Some words ending in –«um» simply add –«s», museum – museums.

BUT:datum – data.

15. Words ending in –«on» usually add –«s», e.g. electron – electrons,

BUT: phenomenon – phenomena.

16. Most regular compound nouns form their plurals by adding –«s» or –«es» at the end of the compound. Handful – handfuls, airplane – airplanes, grandfather – grandfathers, toothbrush – toothbrushes, forget-me-not – forget-me-nots.

17. Some hyphenated compounds form their plural by adding –«s» or –«es» to the head element, e.g. passer-by – passers-by, brother-in-law – brothers-in-law, commander-in-chief – commanders-in-chief. NOTE: man-servant – men-servants, woman-servant – women-servants.

18. Compounds ending in –«man» change into –«men», e.g. postman – postmen, fisherman – fishermen, sportsman – sportsmen,

19. Some words are used only in the singular form, e.g. arithmetic, goodness, magic, courage, logic, music, beer, blood, bread, butter, flour, air, basketball, hockey, football, golf, sunlight, fog, gravity, hail, snow, accommodation, advice, anger, assistance, behaviour, business, chaos, countryside, dirt, education, evidence, homework, information, intelligence, luck, news, peace, progress, seaside, shopping, traffic, trouble, truth, weather, chickenpox, measles, mumps, baggage, crockery, cutlery, furniture, jewellery, luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, etc.

20. Some words are used only in the plural form, e.g. mathematics, physics, politics, athletics.

21. The following nouns do not have a singular form, e.g. trousers, scissors.

22. The same form in Singular and in Plural have: a sheep = sheep, a deer = deer, a swine = swine.

        № 30. Употребите выделенные существительные во множественном числе, сделав все необходимые изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Afterwards he took a photoof me with wet hair to finish out the film. 2. He talked to another Divisional chief.3. His shirt cuff showed up spotlessly, just an inch beneath the sleeve.4. He was as lively as a trout in a mountain stream. 5. Matthew Swain was one of a rapidly disappearing species, the small-town general practitioner. 6. It was like lying in the dark with a mosquito hovering above his face. 7. The cab branched off, along the side of a wood, and he heard a late cuckoo calling.8.Among the retainers of a well-appointed house there werepersons from everystratumof society. 9. “A pony is always small,” said Regan. 10. It is only a hypothesis, but it’s possible. 11. Everybody had a handkerchief concealed in his cuff. 12. I wish aflying fishwould come on board tonight. 13. The waitress spent the morning working in the dining-room. 14. Britain’s oil refining industry faces aserious crisis.15. Mary was sitting in a straight-backed antique chair and the youth sat at her feet. 16. Suddenly she realized that there was not a passer-by in the street. 17. Now all the passengers were gone in a bus, along with the stewardess and the second officer.

№ 31 . Напишите следующие существительные во множественном числе.

a) Life, grief, belief, leaf, knife, half, roof, loaf, muff, shelf, chief, wife, wolf, thief, handkerchief, scarf, proof, self;

b) hero, piano, motto, domino, photo, Negro, radio, tomato, potato, zero, echo, dynamo, metro;

c) birthday, birth-place, bookcase, daughter-in-law.

№ 32. Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе.

Tails, tales, allies, alleys, plays, replies, uncles, travels, examples, pencils, bees, knees, pennies, chimneys, mines, enemies, cinemas, taxes, leaves, knives, gloves, loaves, thieves, doves, halves, drives, shoes, nephews, statues, toes, potatoes, windows, Negroes, metros, tomatoes, photos, pies, flies, eyes, cries, supplies, colleges, bridges, changes, dresses, buses, cases, houses, sizes, buzzes, roses, rows, roofs, beliefs, cuffs, chiefs, clocks, benches, keys, skis, skies.

PASSIVE VOICE

№ 33. Переведите на английский язык.

 1.Эту статью написал один английский писатель. 2. Это стихотворение должны выучить все студенты нашей группы. 3. Статья должна быть переведена к пяти часам. 4. Когда я пришла домой, обед был уже сварен. 5. Их будут обучать английскому языку. 6. Когда яблоко было съедено, девочка взяла куклу и пошла в комнату. 7. Когда будет написана ваша книга?

№ 34 . Перепишите каждое предложение в страдательном залоге.

1) Professor Hoskins taught my brother.

2) David is going to paint the kitchen.

3) Someone had set the building on fire.

4) You haven’t fixed the tap.

5) People should throw litter into the bin.

6) Her boyfriend gave her a diamond ring.

7) Is he repairing Mr. Smith’s car?

8) Calvin Klein designed her dress.

№ 35. Переделайте предложения из активного залога в страдательный.

1. The students saw this English film.

2. He left his notebook at home.

3. He has just finished his report.

4. I book this book yesterday.

5. My friend has taken this newspaper.

6. He is working at his English successfully.

7. Did Yury Dolgoruky found Moscow in 1147?

8. The Pacific Ocean washes the territory of Russia in the east.

9. Sport plays an important role in educational process of our future militia officers.

10. The Law Institute trains future investigators, detectives for Moscow and the Moscow region.

11. The students attend lectures and tutorials with interest.

12. You have done this exercise successfully.

13. You translated this text last time.

14. You can find many interesting books in our library.

15. You must learn as many new English words as you can.

№ 36. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.

1. Наша страна омывается морями и океанами на севере и на востоке.

2. В нашей школе обучают трем иностранным языкам.

3. Эта проблема обсуждается сейчас в печати.

4. Специальным предметам нас будут обучать на третьем и четвертом курсах.

5. Во время занятия много говорилось о нашей будущей профессии.

6. Я думаю, экзамены будут сданы нами успешно.

7. Московский юридический институт был создан в 1975 году. (set up)

8. На занятиях по английскому языку нужно говорить по-английски.

9. Тема «Моя будущая профессия» будет изучаться в следующем году.

10. Работа выполнена Вами хорошо.

11. Меня спрашивали на прошлом практическом занятии.

12. Некоторые отрасли промышленности в нашей стране высоко развиты.

№ 37. Измените предложения, используя Страдательный Залог.

1. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of power compose the government of the USA.

2. A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit.

3. Two members from each state elected for a term of six years compose the Senate.

4. So-called “Lobbyists” play an important role in the American legislation.

5. The district courts try most of the criminal and civil cases.

6. Electors from each state elect the President of the United States for a term of 4 years.

7. The president recommends much of the legislation to the Congress.

8. The president appoints Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries.

9. During the election campaign Reagan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.

№ 38. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимение «one».

1. The government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, the judicial one.

2. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system.

3. The constitutional system of each particular state is the one which is similar to that of the entire nation.

4. One can say that the lobbyists in the American legislation are very often more influential than the Congressmen.

5. Each voter in the US is in front of the choice between the candidates of two opposite parties: the republican one and the democratic one, whose political platforms are practically alike.

6. One should say that politics in the USA as in many other countries is “a commercial enterprise as any other one”.

7. In some countries the more money one can pay, the better lawyer one can have.

8. The USA is divided into 50 states; each one has its own constitution.

№ 39. Оба предложения в каждой паре имеют одинаковые значения. Заполните второе предложение.

Example:

a) The crowd was slowly filling the huge stadium.

The huge stadium was slowly being filled by the crowd.

b) The inventor of the computer simplified the work of the accountants.

Since the computer……………….the work of the accountants………….simplified.

c) Someone has suggested that the shop should close.

It……………that the shop should close.

d) “I’d take out some travel insurance if I were you, Mr Smith.”

Mr Smith………….. take out some travel insurance.

e) The waitress will bring your drinks in a moment.

Your drinks……….. in a moment.

f) Someone used a knife to open the window.

This window…………. a knife.

g) You will hear from us when we have finished dealing with your complaint.

After your complaint………………, you will hear from us.

h) An announcement of their engagement appeared in the local paper.

Their engagement……………….. in the local paper.

i) Nobody ever heard anything of David again.

Nothing…………….. David again.

j) They paid Sheila 1,000 dollars as a special bonus.

1,000 dollars……………………Sheila as a special bonus.

 THE REPORTED SPEECH

(Косвенная речь)

№ 40. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи. Помните о замене глагола «say» другими соответствующими глаголами, где это необходимо.

1. Father said to Jane: “Show me your exercise-book.” 2. “What are you doing here, boys?” said Kate. 3. “Don’t make noise,” said Tom’s mother to him. 4. Helen said to Pete: “Did you play chess with your father yesterday?” 5. Kate said to her grandmother: “Help me to cook the soup, please.” 6. Mike said to the teacher: “My sister knows two foreign languages.” 7. “What have you prepared for today, children?” said to the teacher. 8. Tom said to his sister: “I saw your friend at the library yesterday.” 9. The teacher said to the pupils: “Don’t open your books.” 10. Mother said to me: “You will go to the cinema tomorrow.” 11. “Tom, go to bed,” said his mother. 12. “I have never seen your toys,” said Nellie to Pete. 13. “Give me your record-book, Nick,” said the teacher. 14. Ann said to Lena: “Look at my nice kitten.” 15. “We shall go to the zoo tomorrow,” said our grandmother. 16. Mother said to Pete: “Don’t forget to wash your hands. 17. Nick said to his mother: “I am doing my homework.” 18. “I have learnt a long poem,” said Mike to the teacher. 19. “Don’t play in the street,” said the man to the boys. 20. “Why don’t you drink your tea?” said my mother to me. 21. “When did you receive this letter?” my friend said to me. 22. “I saw my friend at the stadium yesterday,” said Johnny to his mother. 23. “Will you play football with us?” said the boys to Peter. 24. “Are you playing volley-ball, girls?” said Ann. 25. “Is the river Volga in Russia?” asked the Frenchman.

№ 41. Передайте предложения в косвенной речи.

1. He said, “Bernard Shaw was given the Noble Prize for Literature in 1925”.

2. “When will the Music Festival take place in Edinburgh?”, she asked.

3. He said, “I shan’t be able to attend the meeting tomorrow”.

4. Are you going to visit your parents on Sunday?” they asked me.

5. My friend said to me, “Please, wait for me a little”.

6. “How long were you doing your homework?” the teacher asked us.

7. My friend said to me, “I know that you are going to take part in our scientific conference”.

8. She said, “I have already met this man”.

9. “Can you help me to translate this article?” my brother asked me.

10. The students said, “We have passed our exam in History”.

11. “Were you born in Moscow?” he asked me.

12. The teacher said to us, “Please bring your dictionaries for the next lesson”.

13. He said, “I didn’t watch TV yesterday”.

14. He said to us, “Don’t tell anybody about it”.

15. “What foreign languages do you study at your school?” she asked.

№ 42. Передайте предложения в косвенной речи.

He asked me,

1) “Where does your sister live?” 2) “How long have you studied English?” 3) “How old are you?” 4) “Do you like to study at the University?” 5) “What time is it?” 6) “Where does she work?” 7) When will he visit his friends?” 8) “Does she know history well?” 9) “What is her husband’s name?” 10) “Why hasn’t she passed her last exam?”