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КАТЕГОРИИ:

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B) Законодательство на территории Беларуси в Средние Века

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 19 из 19

1. Политико-правовые идеи мыслителей XVI столетия получили свое развитие и были закреплены в Статутах ВКЛ 1528, 1566, 1588 годов.

2. Все три Статута были проникнуты идеей правового суверенитета.

3. Ряд норм Статута подчеркивали стремление законодателей придерживаться принципов законности и справедливости.

4. Нарушение закона рассматривалось как злодеяние против интересов государства.

5. Закон стремился защитить не только сословные интересы личности, но личные права каждого свободного человека.

6. Закон закрепил такие важные конституционные права как право на защиту жизни, чести, собственности, защиту в суде, право свободного выезда за границу для дворянства, право представительства в органах государственной власти и судах.

7. Статуты положили начало значительным изменениям в судебной системе и судопроизводстве.

8. Новые суды строились на принципе независимости от административной власти.

9. Была реализована идея создания высшего апелляционного суда ВКЛ.

10. Как правовые памятники эпохи Возрождения, Статуты основывались на идее гуманизма.

11. Статуты были написаны на белорусском языке, и язык законов был понятен всем гражданам государства.

12. Даже через 200 лет после издания Статут 1588 года считался самым выдающимся сводом законов в Европе.

13. Гуманистическая направленность Статута проявляется в тех нормах, которые определяли положение женщины в обществе.

14. Закон гарантировал женщинам право свободно выходить замуж, свободно распоряжаться своим имуществом, запрещал смертную казнь беременных женщин.

15. Была введена норма, которая предусматривала смертную казнь дворянина за убийство простого человека. В польском праве такая норма появилась только в 1768 году.

16. Статут 1588 г. был одним из первых законодательных актов Европы, который содержал нормы, направленные на охрану окружающей среды.

Unit VI

Crime

Subject of study

Texts: A. Crime

B. Defences

C. Juvenile Delinquency

D. Crime Prevention

E. Measures to Combat Terrorism

F.Computer Crime

Grammar:

A:The Gerund

Constructions with the Gerund

The Gerund and the Infinitive

Vocabulary

a drink-driving conviction	признание факта вождения в нетрезвом виде
access	доступ, право доступа
acquitv	оправдывать в суде
addv	добавлять
admitv	признавать; признаться
arguev	спорить
backgroundn	1) биографические данные; 2) подготовка, квалификация
burglaryn	ночная кража со взломом, ночное ограбление
cocaine trade	торговля кокаином
complaintn	жалоба
concession to sth.n	уступка чему-л.
confinev	ограничивать
convictv(of)	признать
defencen	защита, аргументация ответчика
deterioratev	ухудшать(ся), портить(ся), разрушаться
disguisev	скрывать, маскировать
divertv	отвлекать внимание
drug / marijuana dealingn	распространение, торговля наркотиками / марихуаной
drug dealern	продавец наркотиков
duressn	физическое принуждение
embarrassv	приводить в замешательство
embarrassmentn	смущение, затруднение
entertainmentn	развлечения, увеселения
extroversionn	стремление к материальному благу
gangn	банда
shop-liftingn	кража из магазина
identifyv	опознавать, устанавливать личность
impeccableadj	непогрешимый, безупречный
insanityn	душевная болезнь, невменяемость
involvev	втягивать, вовлекать (in)
jailv	заключать в тюрьму
justifyv	оправдывать, извинять, подтверждать
lenientadj	снисходительный, мягкий
lock upv	сажать в тюрьму; спрятать под замок; запереть
lootn	награбленное; добыча
manslaughtern	непредумышленное убийство
minorn	несовершеннолетний подросток
mitigationn	смягчение, уменьшение
noosen	ловушка, петля
obstructv	преграждать, препятствовать
persistentadj	1) упорный, настойчивый; 2) стойкий, постоянный
politiciann	1) политик, государственный деятель
ragen	ярость, гнев
raidn	внезапное нападение
recklessnessn	неодобренность, неосторожность
remandv	отсылать обратно под стражу (для продолжения следствия)
robberyn	грабеж
self - assertionn	отстаивание своих прав, притязаний
self-defencen	самооборона, самозащита
shootv(shot, shot)	стрелять
solutionn	(раз)решение (проблемы, вопроса)
stabv	наносить удар ножом, вонзать;
startlev	пугать
stranglev	задушить, удавить
suicide attemptn	попытка самоубийства
suspectv	подозревать
suspicionn	подозрение
theftn	кража, воровство
thugn	убийца, головорез
toughadj	1) преступный, хулиганский, 2) грубый
warnv	предупреждать
witnessn	свидетель

Vocabulary Notes

‘forbidden fruit’	запретный плод
a lump-sum payment	единовременная выплата
actus reus	виновное действие (объективная сторона противоправного деяния)
and to those bereaved as a result of violence	...и пострадавшим в результате насилия
common law damages	нарушения общего права
crime of passion	преступление совершенное в состоянии аффекта
facilitate	способствовать, облегчать
impede	препятствовать
malice aforethought	заранее обдуманный злой умысел, злое предумышление
mens Rea	виновная воля, вина
reciprocal legislation	взаимное двустороннее законодательство
root causes of crime	основные причины преступления
statutory provision	положение установленное законом обеспечение
substantial cause	важная, существенная причина
take action against	применять меры против; действовать против
The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme	организация «Схема компенсации за нанесенный преступлениями ущерб»
the European Community	Европейское сообщество
the Home Office	Министерство внутренних дел
to be bound up	быть тесно связанным с чем-либо
to deal with crime prevention strategies	заниматься разработкой стратегий с целью предупреждения (профилактики) преступлений
to justify the faith	оправдать доверие
to plead guilty	признать виновным
to put on probation	условное освобождение на поруки
to secure extradition	обеспечить выдачу преступника другому государству, экстрадиция
to track down	выслеживать
to urge upon somebody	убеждать в чем-то
Trevi	European Community ministers

Text A.Read and translate the text. Do the exercises given below.

Crime

Crime is categorized as a part of public law – the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.

In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards; and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes," are still described mostly in case law. Even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different.

There are usually two important elements of a crime: (i) the criminal act itself; and (ii) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (i) Actus Reus and (ii) Mens Rea.

The state must prove the defendant did the necessary acts (actus reus) beyond reasonable doubt. This means that the balance scales must tip to their near maximum. Since punishment is the remedy, we want to be certain that we only punish the guilty, not the innocent.

Defendant must have done the acts with a level of knowledge (mens rea, guilty mind) declared in the statute. Over time, and in order of importance today, this necessary mental state was determined to be: intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct, or strict liability.

Intent has its own set of definitions:

Specific intent: Defendant has a determination of mind to commit at least one of the required elements of a criminal offenсe. Example: first degree murder normally requires proof of premeditation, which is a matter of intent found to be existent before picking up the gun, to do an act (shoot the gun) and bring about a result (kill the person).

Transferred intent convicts a person of a result, which he did not intend, but which was a result of the illegal act. Example: I intend to kill A by shooting, but miss and kill B, whom I love and would never kill. My intent to kill A is transferred to B; I am guilty of murder.

Implied intent: We are rational people, intelligent and understanding; so intent to do an act may be implied from doing of the act.

Strict liability: Here there is no need for a mental status. We are liable for doing the act without defence. Example: sexual intercourse with a female under a specified age (statutory rape). Your belief concerning her age (even a reasonable belief) is no defence.

Crime has three major types: crime against person; crime against property; and crime against the public order.

A crime against person always involves force or threat of force against the body of another (murder, battery, rape, robbery, extortion, kidnapping, etc.).

Crimes against property are distinguished by an absence of force against a person and loss of property (theft, embezzlement, false pretenses, forgery, burglary, arson, etc.).

Crimes against public order include rioting, treason, and most of the "victimless" crimes (prostitution, sale of pornography, drug deals). Violence to person or loss of property may or may not be present. What is present, is behavior seen harmful to the integrity of community to such an extent as to call for criminal punishment. Sometimes we see these as "moral crimes".

There are a number of offences concerned with obstructing justice: perjury, assisting offenders, concealing, refusal to assist a police officer, contempt of court. There are so-called inchoate offences: aiding and abetting, incitement, conspiracy, attempt.

As for the classification of crime there is the concept of “arrestable” and “non-arrestable” offences. An arrestable offence is one for which no specific arrest warrant is required. A police officer can arrest without a magistrate’s warrant for a suspected crime carrying maximum of five years’ imprisonment or more or where the penalty is fixed by law as is the case of murder, treason.

When an offence is a non-arrestable offence warrants are issued when the defendant has failed to answer a summons and the magistrates think it essential that he should be present at a hearing.

Another way of classification is by the manner of trial. Criminal offences may be divided into two main classes: indictable offences and offences punishable on summary conviction before magistrates (summary offences). Indictable offences are tried by a jury. They may be regarded as serious ones and summary cases as less serious or minor.

Vocabulary Practice

Ex. 1. Read the words. Mind the stress.

'public 'norms 'alcohol 'teenager 'person 'maximum 'summary

'principle 'categories 'serious 'physical 'element

ar'rest po'lice

Ex. 2. Give nouns derived from the following verbs:

to ban, to kill, to arrest, to suspect, to offend, to omit, to punish, to legislate, to wound, to aid, to abet, to incite, to assist, to abolish, to convict, to accuse.

Ex. 3. Pair the verbs in column B with a suitable phrase in column A:

B	A
1. accuse someone	a) in cold blood
2. arrest someone	b) into custody
3. ban	c) a witness
4. break	d) telephone boxes
5. charge someone	e) for armed robbery
6. commit	f) a prison sentence
7. cross-examine	g) a case
8. hijack	h) with murder
9. hold up	i) smoking in public places
10. murder someone	j) of shoplifting
11. pinch	k) the alarm
12. serve	l) a crime
13. sound	m) some money
14. take someone	n) a plane
15. try	o) the law
16. vandalize	p) a bank

Ex. 4. Add nouns to the following adjectives to form noun phrases:

Adjectives: wrongful, criminal, changing, fatal, serious, summary, mental, guilty.

Nouns: act, omission, behaviour, activity, matter, habits, norms, offence, crimes, case, element, conviction, mind, action.

Ex. 5. How many different adjectives combined with the word “offence” do you know?

criminal
. . . . .	offence	against . . .
inchoate

Ex. 6. Complete the following table.

crime	criminal	verb
murder burglary shoplifting smuggling kidnapping terrorism blackmail forgery assault	- - - - - - - - -	- - - - - - - - -

Ex. 7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence.

1. Sally didn't realize that she had broken/countered/denied the law.

2. The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street.

3. I must remember to get a/an agreement/license/permission for my television.

4. The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and crime/ government/order.

5. Jim's parents wouldn't agree/allow/let him go to the demonstration.

6. Carlos was arrested because he had entered the country falsely/illegally/wrongly.

7. Talking to other students is against the law/orders/rules of the examination.

8. The two men were arrested before they could commit/make/perform any more crimes.

9. I had to take the company to court/justice/law to get the money they owed me.

10. Smoking is compulsory/prohibited/refused near the petrol tanks.

Ex. 8. Match the crimes and offences with the correct definition.

1. Arson	a) is taking a person away by force and keeping them prisoner, usually in order to demand money for their safe return.
2. Assault	b) is the serious crime of stealing large amounts of money from a bank, a shop or a vehicle, often using force or threats of violence.
3. Blackmail	c) is the crime of copying things such as banknotes, letters, official documents, etc. in order to deceive people.
4. Burglary	d) is killing a person by accident or negligence.
5. Embezzlement	e) is forcing someone to have sex with you.
6. Forgery	f) is the crime of deliberately setting fire to a building.
7. Fraud	g) is taking control of an aeroplane, train, etc. by force, usually in order to make political demands.
8. Hijacking	h) is killing a person deliberately.
9. Kidnapping	i) is demanding money or favours from someone by threatening to reveal a secret about them which, if made public, could cause the person embarrassment and harm.
10. Libel	j) is deliberately taking goods from a shop without paying for them.
11. Manslaughter	k) is stealing money that is placed in your care, often over a period of time.
12. Murder	l) is the crime of getting money from someone by tricking or deceiving them.
13. Rape	m) is the crime of attacking someone physically.
14. Robbery	n) is printing or publishing something which is untrue and damages another person's reputation in some way.
15. Shoplifting	o) is the crime of breaking into a house, a flat, etc. in order to steal things.
16. Theft	p) is the crime of stealing.

Ex. 9. Match a word with a proper definition.

1. Assassination	a) is bad or improper behaviour by a person in a position of authority or trust, such as a doctor, dentist, police officer, etc.
2. Bribery and corruption	b) is stealing things from people's pockets or handbags, usually in crowds or in public places.
3. Drug trafficking	c) is saying something untrue about someone with the intention of damaging his or her reputation.
4. Hit and run	d) is deliberately damaging public buildings and other public property, usually just for the fun of it.
5. Looting	e) is offering money or gifts to someone in a position of authority, e.g. a government official, in order to persuade them to help you in some way.
6. Misconduct	f) is the crime of lying in court while giving evidence, when you have promised to tell the truth.
7. Mugging	g) is the crime of taking things or people illegally into or out of a country.
8. Perjury	h) is murdering a public figure such as a king, a president, etc.
9. Pickpocketing	i) is entering privately owned land or property without the permission of the owner.
10. Pilfering	j) is attacking someone, usually in a public place, in order to rob him or her.
11. Slander	k) is trading in illegal drugs such as heroin, cannabis, cocaine, etc.
12. Smuggling	l) is the crime of betraying your own country by helping its enemies.
13. Terrorism	m) is stealing small amounts of goods or things of little value, often over a long period of time.
14. Treason	n) is a car accident in which the guilty driver does not stop to help.
15. Trespassing	o) is the use of violence such as murder and bombing in order to obtain political demands or to influence a government.
16. Vandalism	p) is stealing from shops, buildings, etc. left unprotected after a violent event or a long period of time.

Ex. 10. Fill in the missing crimes and offences in the sentences below. Choose from the words in the previous two exercises.

1. The chief cashier admitted taking £30,000 of the firm's money during the previous three years and was found guilty of _____.

2. She sued the newspaper for ______ when it printed a story about her in which it claimed she had once been arrested for taking drugs.

3. The supermarket decided to install closed-circuit television in order to combat the problem of _______.

4. This is the sixth fire in the area in the past month. The police suspect ____.

5. He pleaded not guilty to murder but guilty to ______ saying that the gun had gone off and killed his wife by accident.

6. There have been so many cases of _______ in the street recently that the police are advising residents to install alarms and to notify neighbours when they go out.

7. The customs officer found nearly £20,000 worth of cut diamonds hidden in the man's guitar case. He was arrested and charged with _______.

8. Pop stars and famous people often employ bodyguards for themselves and members of their families as they are constantly worried about _______.

9. Most people of my generation remember the ____ of President Kennedy in Dallas in November 1963.

10. It looked like a real £20 note but on closer examination you could see that it was a very clever _______.

Ex. 11. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences:

1. A person who commits a criminal offence is called a criminal, or ______.

a) offender

b) citizen

c) wrong-doer

2. If you attack another person illegally you will be tried for unlawful ______.

a) damage

b) assault

c) action

3. If you physically hurt or injure the person you attack, you will be tried for unlawful assault causing ______.

a) wounding

b) murder

c) infanticide

4. If the injury you cause in the attack is very serious it is called ______.

a) manslaughter

b) grievous bodily harm

c) battery

5. A police officer can arrest ______ for a suspected crime carrying a maximum of five year imprisonment.

a) by chance

b) with an issued warrant

c) without a magistrates warrant

6. The law can punish criminals in many different ways, but the worst is ______.

a) fine

b) life imprisonment

c) death sentence

7. Young people who committed a crime are tried by a special court called the… .

a) juvenile

b) the High Court

c) the Crown Court

8. Most schools in my country no longer have…..punishment.

a) physical

b) capital

c) bodily

d) corporal

9. The policemen following the robbers were in…..clothes.

a) plain

b) ordinary

c) normal

d) simple

10. The two old ladies were…..of their purses.

a) stolen

b) attacked

c) robbed

d) snatched

11. At the end of the story, the hero manages to arrest the…. .

a) offenders

b) villains

c) wrongs

d) evils

12. I had to answer the question because it was…..

a) compulsory

b) necessary

c) a must

d) an obligation

13. Charles could not…..having been at the scene of the crime.

a) refuse

b) object

c) deny

d) alter

14. As there was no evidence, the judge dismissed the…..

a) trial

b) witness

c) court

d)case

15. If your dog damages your neighbour's property, you could be…..

a) guilty

b) liable

c) payable

d) illegal

16. After ten years in prison, Stephen was …. and set free.

a) pardoned

b) released

c) innocent

d) forgiven

17. The detective inspector told the young …. to make some tea.

a) officer

b) official

c) guardian

d) police

Ex. 12. Complete each part of the sentence from a) to j) with one of the endings from1) to 10). Use each ending once only.

a) I decided to buy a burglar alarm after someone had broken…….

b) When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket he ended…….

c) As it was Sheila's first offence she was let…….

d) After climbing over the prison wall, Peter managed to get…….

e) The old couple who live opposite were taken…….

f) At the end of the trial Hilary was found…….

g) My neighbours admitted denting my car but got away…….

h) The bank at the end of the street was held…….

i) Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away with…….

j) The hijackers took fifteen people…….

1. in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money.

2. away by stealing a car parked nearby.

3. up at the police station, charged with shoplifting.

4. it, although everyone suspected what had happened.

5. into my house and stole my stereo.

6. off with only a warning.

7. with paying only £50 damages.

8. hostage and demanded £1,000,000 from the authorities.

9. guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.

10. up by two masked men last week.

Ex. 13. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only.

accused evidence guilty lawyer statement
charge define jury sentence suspect

a) The customs officers arrested Bob and…………him with smuggling.

b) The police spent all morning searching the house for……….. .

c) Jean left her car in a no-parking area and had to pay a/an…………. .

d) Unfortunately at the end of the trial my brother was found……… .

e) The trial took a long time as the……….couldn't reach a verdict.

f) George won his case because he had a very good defence…………. .

g) The police visited Dawn and asked her to make a/an…………. .

h) Because of his past criminal record, Brian was the main……..…. .

i) Pauline decided to sue the police because she had been wrongly……….. .

j) The murderer of the children received a life………….. .

Ex. 14. Complete the sentences from partAby adding the phrases given in part B:

A	B
1. A crime is an offence …	…by the Criminal Law Act of 1967 introducing the concept of arrestable and not arrestable offences.
2. The principle areas of Criminal Law are …	… guilty action and guilty mind.
3. Offences against property are …	… two essential concepts in the operation of the Criminal Law.
4. Fatal and non-fatal offences fall …	…indictable offences and summary offences.
5. A police officer can arrest a suspect …	…without a magistrate’s warrant.
6. Two main classes of criminal offences may be …	…into three categories: murder, manslaughter, infanticide.
7. Actus reus and mens rea are considered to be …	…theft, arson, forgery, counterfeiting.
8. The prosecution has to prove …	…offences against persons and offences against property.
9. The old distinction between felonies and misdemeanours were abolished …	…against the whole society.

Discussion

Ex. 1. Mark the statements which are true. Prove your idea.

1. Criminal law covers a multitude of activities and sins.

2. The courts must respond to all forms of criminal activity.

3. The criminal behaviour is not seen as serious or deviant for the majority of society to ban it.

4. The police officer can arrest without a specific warrant for any suspected crime.

5. The defendant had failed to answer a summons and the magistrates decided to bring him before a court.

6. A conviction cannot be secured unless it is shown that both actus reus and mens rea were present.

7. The burden of proof lies upon the Jury.

Ex. 2. Use the word from the box to form a word that fits in the space. Speak about Tom’s crime.

Tom's Life of Crime

innocent thief offend steal defend
accident worth crime punish prison

At his last trial, nobody believed in Tom's (1)……….. .He had been accused of the (2)……….of a valuable Chinese vase, and was also charged with ten other (3)……….The value of the (4)……….goods was said to be over £10,000. Tom said in his own (5)……….that the vase had been put into his car (6)……….He also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a fake, and was almost (7)……….The judge did not believe Tom's story. He told Tom he was a hardened (8)……….and that he deserved a severe (9)……….When the judge sentenced Tom to five years (10)………. Tom just smiled. He had spent most of his life in prison and so he was used to it.

Ex. 3. Write down 10 questions you could ask speaking about “crime.” Begin your questions differently, like this:

Did …? Are…? Have …?

Who …? Why …? How long …?

In what cases…?

What measures …? etc.

Ex. 4. Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. Speak about inspector Ronald Lewis’s investigation.

Inspector’s Investigation

'I think I know the identity of the murderer,' said Inspector Ronald Lewis, 'and at (1)….. one of the guests in this hotel was a/an (2)….. to the crime, probably by (3)….. I believe that the same guest is also a (4)….., and has been given money by the killer.' 'So whoever (5)….. this terrible crime is still here,' I said. 'But of course. In (6)….. he – or she – is in this room, and will soon be (7)….. arrest.' There was silence for a moment. I noticed that everyone was trying to look (8)….., but they a11 looked guilty instead! 'Do you have any (9)…... Inspector,' asked Lady Grimshaw finally, 'or are you simply (10)…… people for fun? If you intend to (11)….. someone, you should do it now.' The Inspector smiled. 'I asked you here (12)….. purpose, Lady Grimshaw. I have been reading your (13)….. you see, and it is quite clear that you have told several (14)….. ''How dare you!' Lady Grimshaw spluttered. 'Do you (15) ….. that you were with Tim Dawson in the garden on the night of the murder?' the Inspector said? 'You forgot about the security cameras, you see...

1)	A) last	b) least	c) the	D) school
2)	A) witness	b) offender	C) guilty	D) verdict
3)	A) now	b) damages	c) law	d) accident
4)	A) blackmailer	B) hostage	c) hooligan	D) forger
5)	A) confessed	B) committed	C) admitted	D) performed
6)	A) crime	B) self-defence	C) fact	d) danger
7)	A) to	b) having	c) under	D) my
8)	A) accused	B) suspicious	c) ordinary	D) innocent
9)	a) evidence	b) witness	C) permission	d) body
10)	a) suspecting	B) suing	c) denying	d) accusing
11)	A) trial	b) charge	c) sentence	D) confess
12)	A) with	B) for	c) on	D) by
13)	a) statement	B) biography	C) evident	D) history
14)	a) people	B) errors	C) times	D) lies
15)	a) refuse	b) deny	C) contradict	d) suppose

Ex. 5. Put crimes in order you think best on the ladder below, starting with the minor and ending with the most serious.

*most serious offences

* robbery

theft

* minor offences

b)Give reasons for the position of each crime. Use as many words and phrases from the text as possible.

Ex. 6. Fill in the chart.

		CRIME
		English Criminal Law	Your Country
A.	Type of offences	1. murder 2. 3. 4.	1. murder 2. 3. 4
B.	Basic characteristics of the crime	1. premeditated unlawful killing of another person 2. 3. 4.	1. 2. 3. 4.
C.	Public opinion	1. serious and unlawful crime 2. 3. 4.	1. 2. 3. 4.

Ex. 7. Put the sentences in the logical order to make a text.

1. A principal in the first degree is the person who actually did the criminal act.

2. An accessory after the fact is one who assists or permits the escape of the criminal.

3. Principles may be either in the first or in the second degree.

4. The accessories may be either before or after the fact.

5. The person who commits the crime is the principle.

6. An accessory before the fact is one who advises or procures it to be done.

7. A principal in the second degree is the person who is present at the commission of a crime.

8. The person who plays a second role, assists the principal, is the accomplice.

9. Accomplices may be charged with procuring an offence, abetting, aiding or counselling.

Ex. 8. Fill in the following chart and comment on it. Use the information in ex 7.

Partakers in a crime

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