Verb                   noun (agent)            noun (concept)

to promote

to legislate                legislator                  legislation

to operate

to distribute

to regulate

to violate

to separate

to administrate

Ex.3. Complete the missing forms.

Ex. 4. The following words can be used with the prefixes dis-, un-, in, il-. im- to form their opposites. Write them down using the correct prefix.

formal, reasonably, lawful, legal, fair, valid, dependence, justice, agreement, consistent, written, make, important, ability.

Ex.5. There are many phrases with the word law. Look through the following list of words, make phrases and give their Russian equivalents. Use dictionary if necessary

Ex. 6 Pair the words in column B with the ones from column A

Ex. 7. Decide which of the verbs you would use with the noun phrases you have identified in Ex. 6.

to regulate, to separate, to commit, to fix, to embrace, to act, to define, to limit, to operate, to punish, to apply, to defend;

Ex. 8. Add nouns to the following adjectives to form noun phrases.

Adjectives:1.modern; 2. chief; 3. legal; 4. existing; 5. individual; 6. subsequent; 7. extensive; 8. administrative; 9. constitutional; 10. moral.

Nouns: a) status; b) approach; c) claim; d) event; e) sphere; f) relations; g) rules; h) system; i) precept; j) forms.

Ex. 9. Match the verb with an appropriate preposition:

by, from, with, to, on (upon), about, to, at;

differ; apply: belong; pay damage, be adopted; deal; aim; look; result; speculate; be dissatisfied; be based.

Ex.10. What are the synonyms of the following words?

means, decide, violate, duty, attorney, establish, ownership, effort, rest, seldom, accurate, support, evidently;

Ex. 11. Express the following ideas in one word.

1. A rule that is supported by the power or government and that governs the behaviour of members of a society;

2. that part of the law which is based on former judgements;

3. the body of written laws established by Parliament;

4. allowed or made by law;

5. use the former customs or decisions as a guide to present actions;

6. a room or building in which law cases can be heard and judged;

7. to bear (oneself) in a socially-acceptable or polite way;

8. rightness or pureness of behaviour or of an action;

9. the control or direction of affairs, as of country or business;

10. an object to be won;

11. a guiding rule on which behaviour is based;

12. to make laws;

13. a statement of something at last;

14. the body of laws and principles according to which a country is governed;

15. a condition that determines one’s formal position;

16. the way or order of directing business in an official meeting, a law case;

17. to fight or struggle against;

18. the act or result of encroaching;

Ex. 12 Match the following words with their definition:

case, statute, precedent, guilt, equity, beneficiary, chum, code, legislature, judiciary, law, morality, court, penalty, agreement, crime, just, properly, valid, citizen, justice, tort, inheritance, victim, proof, prosecution, plaintiff, defendant, loser, liable

1. someone who makes a legal complaint against some one else in court;

2. money, a house etc. received from someone after they have died;

3. a person who is at a disadvantage as a result of what has happened;

4. evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not;

5. a wrongful act, injury or damage (not involving a breach of contract), for which a civil action can be brought;

6. a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal;

7. someone or something which has been hurt, damaged or killed, or has suffered, either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or chance;

8. having (legal) responsibility for something or someone;

9. the conducting of a law suit or the party who institutes and carries on criminal proceedings in court;

10. the part of a country's government which is responsible for its legal system and which consists of all the judges in the country's courts of law;

11. an action, situation or decision which has already happened and which can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or taken;

12. a system of justice which allows a fair judgement of a case where the laws that already exist are not satisfactory;

13. a right to have or obtain something;

14. a set of rules which are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave;

15. the group of people who have the power to make and change laws;

16. a feeling of anxiety or unhappiness that you have because you have done something wrong, such as causing harm to another person;

17. a law which has been formally approved and written down;

18. a problem, a series of events or a person being dealt with by police, lawyers, doctors, etc., or a matter to be decided by a judge;

19. a person or group who receives money, advantages, etc. as a result, of something else;

20. a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights because of being born there or because of being given rights;

21. a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behaviour and character or the quality of being right, honest or acceptable;

22. based on truth or reason; able to be accepted; having legal force;

23. a building where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a room, esp. the officials and those deciding whether someone is guilty;

24. something or a number of things owned by someone, esp. buildings and land;

25. a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules;

26. the putting of the law into action: or a judge;

27. a punishment for doing something that is against a law: or a type of punishment, often involving paying money, that is given to you if you brеаk an agreement or do not follow rules;

28. a decision or arrangement, often formal and written, between two or more groups of people;

29. fair, morally correct;

30. an action which is against I the law or more generally, bad or unacceptable behaviour;

Ex. 13. Supply the sentences with the missing word given below. Discuss the information.

The spread of ... in the world is due both to the once ... influence of Britain in the world and the growth of its former colony the United States. Although ... in the common law country cannot directly support their decisions by ... from another, it is permissible for a judge to note such ... in giving an explanation. Nevertheless, political divergence has produced ... divergence from England. Unified ... is only a small part of American law. Most of it is produced by individual states and reflects various ... . The state of Louisiana, for example, has a Roman ... of law which derives from its days as a French colony. California has ... tradition, but its laws ... as extensively as many Continental systems. Quebec is an island of French ... in the Canadian sea of case law. In India, English common law has been codified and ... alongside a Hindu tradition of law. Sri Lanka has inherited ... from the Russian law introduced by the Dutch, and an uncodified ... introduced by the British.

Ex. 14. Match English and Russian equivalents.

Ex.15. Give the equivalents for:

1. Court of Appeal; court of cassation; court of honour; court of last resort; court procedure; court ruling; burlaw court; commit to court; constitutional court; general court; hold for court; leave of court; open court; go into court; civil court.

2. отдавать под суд; суд последней инстанции; кассационный суд; законодательное собрание; апелляционный суд; открытое/открывать судебное заседание; суд чести; соседский, "товарищеский" суд; судопроизводство, конституционный суд; разрешение суда; гражданский суд; подавать жалобу

Ex. 16. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences.

1. The English word “law” refers to limits upon various / some forms of behaviour.

2. Laws prescribe how people can / ought to behave.

3. Law essentially serves two / four functions in modern society.

4. There is a vague / clear distinction between man-made law and moral precepts.

5. Law can appear as the highest achievement of civilization / industrialization.

6. In a developed / feudal state the sphere in which the law operates / develops proves to be extensive.

7. Law fixes the forms of constitutional / educational system.

8. Law operates as a regulator / obstacle of distribution of labour and its products.

9. Lawyers generally speak of Law / moral rules.

10. The law of a country may be analyzed as a selection / set of rules.

Discussion

Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences

1. In all societies relations between people ...

2. Law can be defined as a set of rules which ...

3. Law serves to order and regulate ...

4. Law seeks to promote and achieve ...

5. The student of law is concerned with ...

6. The study of a legal process is ...

7. Law fixes the forms of ...

8. Law lays down the measures for ...

9. Each rule which we call a law is a part of ...

10. Lawyers generally speak of law and laymen ...

Ex. 2. Choose the best way to complete the sentences and expand the idea.

1. The English word law refers to ...

a) development of institution of behaviour.

b) limits upon various forms of behaviour.

c) discernment in main claims for forms of behaviour.

2. Law can be defined as ...

a) a set of rules which form the pattern of behaviour of a given society.

b) a body of abstract rules of a particular society.

c) concept of common sense.

3. Law acts as ...

a) product of social and historical forces.

b) hallmark of civilized society.

c) standard of conduct and morality.

4. The study of a legal process is ...

a) the study of how decisions are made.

b) the operation of court system.

c) the influence of a society upon individual citizens.

5. Each rule which we call a law is a part of ...

a) the whole which we call the law.

b) completely new subject

c) the obvious question: what is law?

Ex. 3. Fill in the following chart.

Ex. 4. Mark the statements which are True and try to prove your choice

a)

1. In all societies relations between people are regulated by the government.

2. Law seeks to promote and achieve a broad range of social objectives.

3. There is a definite distinction between man-made law and moral precepts.

4. In man’s capacity to legislate against his own defects one can discern his claim to stand above the animal level.

5. Law embraces all forms of production, distribution and exchange.

6. Law enacts the legal status of citizens and the activity of the state mechanism.

7. Law lays down the measures for combating encroachment on the state system.

8. The laws of the country are common rules enforced by the government.

9. Law is based upon long observation of different people in different situations.

10. The general nature of the law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.

b)

1. There is not any distinction between civil law and public law.

2. The victim of the crime pursues his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.

3. The standards of proof are equal in a criminal action and in a civil one.

4. Criminal and civil procedure are the same.

5. The English Crown Court deals exclusively with either criminal or civil matters.

6. The party bringing a criminal action is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff.

7. Evidence from a criminal trial is always admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter.

8. The amount of money, or damages which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff is not the main argument in a civil court.

9. Disobeying any court may constitute criminal conduct.

10. The guilty defendant in a criminal case will automatically be found liable in a civil action about the same matter.

Ex. 5. Speak on the essence of Law. Include the following points:

1. Law is the highest achievement of civilization:

to refer to, to; appear; various forms of behaviour, to be regulated by laws, to define as a set of rules, the pattern of conduct to legislate against one’s own defects, to discern one’s chief claim, to stand above the animal level;

2. Functions of law:

to serve, to regulate the affairs, to act, individuals and governments, a standard of conduct and morality, to seek, to promote, to achieve; a broad range, social objectives, a vague distinction, man-made law;

3. The spheres of law:

to operate, to prove, to be quite extensive, to embrace all the spheres, production, distribution and exchange, to fix the constitutional system, to determine the legal status, the existing property relations, to lay down the measures to combat encroachment on the state system;

4. The study of legal process:

to be concerned with the question, the relationship between individual citizens and the state, the study of a legal process, to make decisions, to influence subsequent events;

5. The Law and laws:

to point to different aspects, to approach legal science, separate rules, distinct, individual rules, to analyse as separate rules, to order one’s conduct, the mere sum of rules, to call a law, the law as a system, a law as an enactment;

Ex. 6. Argue the following points:

1. Laws are made to be broken.

2. The law is an ass.

3. Laws are like nets: little fish slip through them, big fish break through them and only medium-sized fish get caught.

4. There’s one law for the rich and another for the poor.

5. The law of the jungle and the people.

Grammar Practice

Ex. 1. Supply an appropriate preposition in each blank space. Discuss the information.

a)

Despite major revisions over centuries, the legal system ... England and Wales is one ... the oldest still operating ... the modern world. (Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own internal legal systems, although many laws made ... the British government operate throughout Britain). English law has directly influenced the law ... former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part ... everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. ... addition, although the legal systems ... Western Europe and Japan come ... rather different traditions, there are enough similarities ... principle and institute to make comparison.

b)

Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned ... informal rule ... conduct already existing ... society, and relations ... people are regulated ... a combination ... all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example ... a sports club. Suppose a member ... a rugby club is so angry ... the referee ... a club game that he hits him and breaks his nose ... the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing ... the incident would criticize the player and try persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee ... some way ... a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules ... his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct ... all people playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension ... he would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also lace prosecution ... attacking the referee under laws created ... the government of his country.

c)

The plaintiffs owned a house next door ... the defendant's factory. Sometimes black smoke from the factory chimneys would blow across the plaintiffs' garden. The plaintiffs sued the owners of the factory complaining ... damage caused ... plants in their garden ... the smoke and loss of enjoyment of their property. They sought damages and an injunction to prevent the defendants and using their premises as a factory

d)

Held: That the owners of the factory were liable ... the plaintiffs ... the tort of private nuisance. The plaintiffs were awarded damages ... the loss of their plants and granted an injunction restricting the use of the defendants' property. It was reasonable that the defendants should use their premises as a factory but not ... a way which would cause nuisance ... adjoining property. The injunction would apply until the defendants were able to control the smoke ... their chimneys.