The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus

Contents

Предисловие... 5

UNIT I... 7

State Structure of the Republic of Belarus.. 7

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. 10

Grammar Practice. 17

The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison. 17

Articles. 18

The Verb. Types of Questions. 19

Tenses in the Active Voice. 20

Modal Verbs. 21

The President 22

The Leguslative and Executive Branches. 24

Legal System of Belarus. 26

Judicial Power. 28

External Policy of the Republic of Belarus. 30

UNIT II... 34

State Structure of the United Kingdom..... 34

The Constitutional Monarchy. 35

Grammar Practice. 49

Tenses in the Active Voice. 49

Types of questions. Degrees of comparison. Articles. 51

The Queen. 54

Electoral System... 57

Political Party System... 59

UNIT III... 66

State Structure of the USA..... 66

The Constitution of the USA.. 69

Grammar Practice. 77

Articles. 77

The Passive Voice. 78

Modal Verbs. 80

The Sequence of Tenses. 83

Congress. 85

The Senate. 88

The House of Representatives. 89

Department of Justice. 92

Political Parties. 93

UNIT IV...... 97

Legal Profession... 97

Legal Profession in Great Britain. 100

Grammar practice. 113

The Infinitive. 113

The Infinitive Constructions. 114

Prepositions. 118

Modal Verbs. 119

Legal Profession in the United States. 119

Judges. 121

Judges Nomination. 123

Judicial Independence. 125

The United States Sheriffs’ Work. 126

Unit V...... 130

The Law..... 130

You should Know Law.. 132

Grammar Practice. 143

Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (Revision) 145

The Participle. 146

The Participle Constructions. 147

Sources of Law.. 148

Legal System of Great Britain. 149

Ancient Laws. 150

The Middle Ages Legislation. 151

The Center of Government and Justice. 152

Unit VI... 156

Crime... 156

Crime. 158

Grammar Practice. 172

Prepositions. 172

The Gerund. 172

Defences. 178

Juvenile Delinquency. 180

Crime Prevention. 181

Measures to Combat Terrorism... 182

Computer Crime. 183

Unit Vii... 187

Police Force... 187

The Work of the Police in Great Britain. 188

Grammar Practice. 199

Subjunctive Mood. 199

The Police Mission. 203

The Metropolitan Police Force. 204

Scotland Yard. 205

Interpol 206

Police Force in the U.S.A. 207

Revision test (Units 1 – 3).. 213

Revision test (Units 4 – 7).. 227

Supplement..... 239

List of Irregular Verbs.. 269

Предисловие

Данное учебное пособие рассчитано на самую широкую аудиторию изучающих английский язык и предназначено для тех, кто специализируется в юридических науках и совершенствует свои знания как под руководством преподавателя, так и самостоятельно.

Пособие строится по тематическому принципу и раскрывает основные элементы государственной, политической и правовой системы Республики Беларусь, Великобритании и США. Материал пособия позволяет использовать его как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы.

Юридическая лексика закрепляется в многочисленных лексико-грамматических упражнениях, нацеленных на формирование всех видов речевой деятельности. Учитывая современные требования к будущим юристам, пособие ставит целью научить молодых специалистов читать и понимать литературу по специальности, общаться с коллегами на профессиональные темы, участвовать в диспутах, обсуждать юридические проблемы.

Пособие позволяет заложить основы и развить навыки подготовленной и спонтанной речи, извлекать информацию из аутентичных текстов, выработать навыки творческого письма. Для решения этих задач тексты пособия снабжены разнообразными упражнениями.

Пособие детально рассматривает государственную и правовую системы Беларуси, Великобритании и США (Units I – III), включает в себя общие проблемы права и знакомит с профессией юриста в указанных странах (Units IV – V).

Последние разделы (Units VI, VII) пособия посвящены актуальным проблемам возникновения преступлений, борьбы с терроризмом, принципам работы полиции.

Каждый раздел включает тематический словарь и сопровождается грамматическим материалом, который закрепляется последовательно на профессиональной лексике нескольких разделов.

Материал расположен в пособии по мере возрастания его сложности. С целью контроля усвоения материала пособие завершается итоговыми тестами (Revision Test. Units I – III; Revision Test. Units IV – VII), которые можно выполнять как на занятиях, так и в качестве контрольной самостоятельной работы (КСР).

Для того чтобы облегчить самостоятельную работу учащихся, пособие снабжено грамматическими таблицами и списком неправильных глаголов.

Значимость пособия заключается в том, что это одно из первых пособий по профессиональной лексике (юридической) для средних специальных учебных заведений. Оно дает возможность подробно изучить, сравнить и обсудить государственные системы трех стран (Беларусь, Великобритания, США); помогает сформировать убеждение в необходимости знания и применения законов; указывает на значимость профессии юриста, анализирует методы борьбы с терроризмом и преступностью в современном мире. Весь материал пособия помогает как совершенствованию владения английским языком, так и формированию гражданской позиции будущего юриста.

UNIT I

State Structure of the Republic of Belarus

Subject of study

Texts:  A. The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus

B. The President

C. Parliament

D. The Government

E. Judicial Power

F. External Policy of the Republic of Belarus

Grammar:

A: The Adjective

 Articles

 Tenses in the Active Voice

 Modal Verbs

Vocabulary

Vocabulary Notes

Text A. Read and translate the text. Do the exercises given below.

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus

The Constitution is the fundamental law of the Republic of Belarus. When Belarus was one of the republics of the former Soviet Union, it also had its own Constitution, but in reality it was submitted to the Constitution of the USSR.

A new stage in the history of Belarusian statehood began on July 27, 1990 when the BSSR Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration “On the State Sovereignty of the BSSR”. On August 25, 1991 the BSSR Supreme Soviet declared the political and economical independence of Belarus. In December 1991 the agreement on creation of cis was signed in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

The final legal act that declared Belarus a new democratic state in Eastern Europe was the 1994 Constitution. The present-day Constitution of the Republic of Belarus with amendments and additions was adopted at the national referendum on November 24, 1996.

According to the Constitution, Belarus is a presidential republic. The head of the state and the executive power is President who is elected for a five-year term. The Constitution consists of a preamble and eight chapters:

1) the basis of the constitutional system;

2) person, society, state;

3) election system, referendum;

4) legislative, executive and judicial branches of power;

5) local government and self – government;

6) state control and supervision;

7) finance and credit system;

8) the Constitution in action and the order of its changing.

The Constitution defines the Republic of Belarus as a unitary democratic social State with the rule of law which possesses supremacy and complete authority on its territory. The Republic of Belarus independently carries out domestic and foreign policy.

The territory of Belarus is unified and inalienable, it is a natural condition of existence and a spatial limit of natural self- determination, the basis for the nation’s well-being and sovereignty.

The multitude of political institutes, ideologies and opinions is one of the foundations of exercising democracy in the Republic. According to the Constitution the creation and activity of political parties, as well as other public associations which have as a goal a violent change in the constitutional system or are conducting propaganda of war, national, religious and racist hostility is prohibited on the territory of the Republic of Belarus.

The Constitution establishes the principle of the supremacy of law. The State and all its organs and officials act within the limits of the Constitution and the laws adopted in accordance with it.

The Republic of Belarus recognises the priority of universally acknowledged principles of international law and ensures that its legislation conforms to its norms.

In its foreign policy the Republic of Belarus proceeds from the principles of the equality of States, non-use of force or threat of force, inviolability of borders, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs and from other norms of international law. The Republic of Belarus has a goal to make its territory a nuclear-free zone, with a neutral government.

The symbols of the Republic of Belarus as a sovereign State are its state flag, state emblem, and state anthem. Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus.

The Belarusian and Russian languages are the state languages of the Republic.

The Constitution states that securing the rights and freedoms of citizens is the supreme goal of the state.

The Constitution of Belarus proclaims that all are equal before the law and have the right to equal protection of their rights and legitimate interests.

The State guarantees the freedom of opinion and conviction and the right to freely voice them as well as the freedom of public rallies and meetings, street processions, demonstrations and picketing, which do not violate the legal order and the rights of other citizens of the Republic.

Monopolisation of the mass media by the state, public associations or individuals is prohibited.

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus guarantees the citizens of Belarus the right to health protection and social security in old age as well as free general education and professional technical training. Secondary special and higher education is accessible to all, depending on the abilities of each person. Each person has the right to obtain education in a state educational institution on the basis of contest and free of change.

The Constitution guarantees equal protection and equal conditions for the development of all forms of ownership for existence of state and private property.

The Constitution establishes the principle of separation of powers. State power in Belarus is founded on the basis of its separation into legislative, executive and judiciary. State organs in the Republic act independently and cooperate with one another, and restrain and counterbalance one another.

The defence of the Republic of Belarus is one of the most important functions of the State and is the duty of all the citizens of the country.

The Constitution establishes that no one may be pronounced guilty of a crime unless his quilt has been proven by law in a lawful court’s sentence. The Constitution reproduces the provision of the Declaration of Human Rights with regard to presumption of innocence.

The Republic of Belarus is a part of the world community. It recognises the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Charter, the International Convents on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and accedes to the agreements within the framework of the OSCE and to many international conventions. The principles established by the major international legal instruments have found their reflection in the provisions of the Belarusian Constitution.

Elections and Referenda

The Fundamental law of the Republic of Belarus establishes the principle of the State building on the basis of rules of law by means of such institutions as free election and referendum, and the people as the only source of power.

The President of the Republic of Belarus, deputies of the Chamber of Representatives of the National Assembly, as well as deputies of local Councils of Deputies are elected on the basis of general, equal, direct suffrage, by secret ballot. The right to nominate candidates for deputies belongs to public associations, workers’ collectives and citizens in accordance with the law.

The electoral procedures are prescribed by the laws of the Republic of Belarus.

Holding a referendum is one of the means of participation of citizens in the management of the affairs of the society and state. A referendum is conducted by general, free, equal voting by secret ballot. No control over the will of the voters is allowed during the voting. All citizens of the Republic of Belarus who have the right to vote take part in referenda.

Vocabulary Practice

Ex. 1. Read the words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.

Ex. 2. Complete the list of derivatives. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Ex. 3. Write down the derivatives of the following words.

Ex. 4. Pair the words in column A with the ones in column B.

Ex. 5. Add nouns to the following adjectives to form noun phrases.

Ex.6. Mach the English and Russian equivalents:

Ex. 7. Choose the proper word to complete the sentence from the ones given: security, guarantee, freely, supremacy, constitution, equal, carry out, unitary, elected, executive, presidential, legal, statehood, fundamental.

1. The Constitution is the ... law of the Republic of Belarus.

2. A new stage in the history of Belarusian ... began on July 27, 1990.

3. The first ... act that ... Belarus a new democratic state was the 1994 ... .

4. According to the Constitution, Belarus is a ... republic.

5. The head of the state and the ... power is President.

6. The President is ... for a five-year term.

7. The Constitution defines the Republic of Belarus as a ... democratic state.

8. Belarus independently ... domestic and foreign policy.

9. The Constitution establishes the principle of the ... of law.

10. The Constitution proclaims that all are ... before the law.

11. The State ... the freedom of opinion and conviction and the right to voice them ... .

12. The fundamental law guarantees the citizens of Belarus the protection and social ... in old age.

Ex. 8. Express the same idea in one word choosing the one from the words given:

1. fighting against attack;

2. caused by a cruel attack;

3. a country with a system of government in which the elected representatives of the people are supreme, and with an elected head;

4. organised political community with a government;

5. rule made by authority for the proper regulation of a community or society or for correct conduct in life;

6. system of government, laws and principles according to which a state is governed;

7. freedom from danger or anxiety;

8. the use of armed forces between countries;

9. use pressure or influence to make somebody get or do something;

10. having the dutyof making laws;

11. having authority to carry out decisions and laws;

12. by a court of justice;

13. a person who has full rights in a state ;

14. not one's own;

15. an agreement made and signed between nations(persons);

16. make known clearly or formally;

17. way in which something is put together, organised;

18. the referring of a political question to a direct vote of the electorate.

19. a political system in which supreme power belongs to the people;

20. having personal rights and social and political liberties.

Discussion

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions. Work in pairs.

1. What is the fundamental law of the Republic of Belarus?

2. Did Belarus have its own Constitution when it was one of the Soviet Union's republics?

3. When did a new stage in the history of Belarusian statehood begin?

4. What document of historic importance was adopted on July the 27^th, 1990?

5. What happened in December 19991 in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha?

6. What was the first legal act that declared Belarus a new democratic state in Eastern Europe?

7. When was the present-day Constitution adopted?

8. What is the basis of the 1994 Constitution?

9. Is Belarus a presidential or parliamentary Republic?

10. How many chapters does the Constitution of the Belarusian Republic consist of?

11. What possesses supremacy and complete authority on the territory of Belarus?

12. What is prohibited on the territory of the Republic of Belarus?

13. What are the symbols of the Republic of Belarus as a sovereign state?

14. What languages are state languages in Belarus?

15. What does the Constitution proclaim?

16. 16.What rights does the Constitution guarantee?

17. What principle does the Constitution establish?

18. What basis is the state power founded on in Belarus?

19. What is one of the most important duties of all the citizens of the country?

20. When may a person be pronounced guilty of a crime in Belarus?

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences.

1. The Constitution is ...

2. A new stage in the history of ...

3. The final legal act that declared ...

4. The present-day constitution ...

5. The head of the state is elected ...

6. The Constitution consists of ...

7. The Constitution defines ...

8. The territory of Belarus is ...

9. The multitude of political institutes ...

10. National, religious and racist hostility ...

11. The Republic of Belarus recognises the priority ...

12.  The Constitution states that securing the rights and ...

13.  Monopolisation of the mass media ...

14. The Constitution guarantees the citizens ...

Ex. 3. Ask questions on the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus using the following word combinations. Work in pairs.

Grammar Practice