Студопедия

КАТЕГОРИИ:

АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, не обращаясь к тексту.

Стр 1 из 20Следующая ⇒

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО РЫБОЛОВСТВУ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

"МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ"

 

 

Н.В. Ломовцева

 

WORLD OF ELECTRICITY

(МИР ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСТВА)

 

Допущено Ученым советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия по дисциплине

"Английский язык"

для студентов специальности

140211 "Электроснабжение"

 

 

Мурманск

2007



УДК 811. 111 (075.8)

ББК 81. 2Англ. – 923

Л 75

Ломовцева Н.В. Мир электричества (World of Electricity) : учеб. пособие по дисциплине "Английский язык" для спец. 140211 "Электроснабжение". - Мурманск: Изд-во МГТУ, 2007. - 93 с.

 

Составлено в соответствии с программными требованиями и помогает студентам овладеть профессиональным языком. Тексты и упражнения дают студентам возможность усовершенствовать уровень знания английского языка.

Предназначено для студентов специальности 140211 "Электроснабжение", а также смежных специальностей.

 

This manual has been written according to the course programme and helps students to master professional English. The texts and exercises provide opportunities for improving the students' level of English.

It is intended for students of the speciality 140211 "Electric Supply" and other closely-related specialities.

 

Список лит. - 7 названий.

 

Рецензенты - М.М. Лукина, канд. пед. наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков и методики преподавания Мурманского государственного педагогического университета; С.М. Габриэлян, генеральный директор ОАО "Мурманская горэлектросеть"

 

Наталия Владимировна Ломовцева

 

Редактор Г.В. Зобнина

 

ISBN-978-5-86185-322-4 © Мурманский государственный технический университет, 2007
  © Наталия Владимировна Ломовцева, 2007


Оглавление

Введение....................................................................................................... 4

Section 1: Great names in the history of science and electro engineering...... 5

Unit 1: Great scientists: How they lived and worked................................. 5

Unit 2: Great scientific experiments and discoveries................................ 14

Test yourself............................................................................................. 31

Section 2: Electricity and superconductivity............................................... 32

Unit 1: Electricity and electromagnetic machines..................................... 32

Unit 2: Conductivity and superconductivity............................................ 41

Test yourself............................................................................................. 50

Section 3: Branches of electricity. Electric machines................................... 51

Unit 1: Nature of electricity...................................................................... 51

Unit 2: Electric machines.......................................................................... 63

Test yourself............................................................................................. 77

Grammar Reference.................................................................................... 78

Appendix 1................................................................................................. 87

Appendix 2................................................................................................. 89

Литература................................................................................................ 93

 

 


 

 


Введение

 

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов политехнического факультета, обучающихся по специальности "Электроснабжение", а также студентов смежных специальностей, изучающих основы электричества и электротехники.

Целью настоящего пособия является активизация навыков чтения, перевода и говорения по темам, связанным как с историей электричества, так и пониманием его природы, а также принципов работы электрооборудования.

Учебное пособие состоит из трёх разделов, включающих в себя подразделы, содержащие основные и дополнительные тексты, послетекстовые упражнения, предназначенные для закрепления новой лексики, развития навыков говорения и повторения различных грамматических структур. В конце каждого раздела приведены тесты, позволяющие студентам проверить успешность изучения пройденного материала.

Наряду с вышеперечисленным материалом в пособии имеются приложения, представляющие собой грамматический справочник, список приставок и суффиксов, а также рекомендации по составлению определений, что существенно облегчает самостоятельную работу студентов.

 


 

SECTION 1: GREAT NAMES IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ELECTRO ENGINEERING


UNIT 1: Great Scientists: How They Lived and Worked

Text 1

Ø Выпишите значения данных слов, пользуясь словарём; выучите их наизусть. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

ability п.,announce v.,application п.,below adv., prp.,book­binder п.,clear a.,decline v.,desire v.,draw v.,elaborate v.,gas п.,impress v.,interaction п.,job п.,move v.,put v.,require v.,rich a.,salary п.,solve v.,structure п.,view п.,weight п.,at once, solution п., refinement п.,capacitance п.,compound п.,cryogenics п.,diagram п.,equi­valent a., liquefy v.,molecular a.,pressure п.,quantity п.,scale п.

Michael Faraday – English Physicist and Chemist

Faraday (1791–1867) was one of the ten children of a black­smith, who moved with his family to London. It is a rare labour­ing family with ten children that is rich, so there was no question of an education for young Faraday and he was apprenticed to a bookbinder1.

This, as it happened, was a stroke of luck2,for he could read books there. Faraday's second stroke of luck was that his employer was sympathetic to the young man's desire for learning and allowed him to read books and to attend scientific lectures.

In1812 a customer3gave Faraday tickets to attend the lectu­res of Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. Young Faraday took careful notes4 which he further elaborated with coloured dia­grams and these he sent to the president of the Royal Society in the hope of getting a job that would bring him into closer con­tact with science. Getting no answer he sent others to Davy him­self along with an application for a job as his assistant. Davy was enormously impressed by the clear ability of the youngster. When an opening as his assistant occurred, he offered the young man the job. Faraday took it in 1813, at the age of twenty-two – at a salary that was smaller than the one he had been earning as a bookbinder. Almost at once Davy left for his grand tour of Europe and took Faraday with him as a secretary.

Faraday became director of a laboratory in 1825, and in 1833 the one-time bookbinder's apprentice became professor of che­mistry at the Royal Institution.

In 1823 he discovered how to make an electrical motor. In 1831 he built the first generator, then called it dynamo.

In chemistry Faraday made his first mark in 1823, when he devised methods for liquefying gases under pressure. He was the first to produce temperatures in the laboratory that were be­low the zero mark of the Fahrenheit scale. He may just be viewed as a pioneer in the modern branch of physics called cryogenics (the study of extreme cold).

In 1825 occurred his greatest single contribution to organic chemistry. He discovered benzene, a compound that was to play a key role in the development of a means of representing mole­cular structure.

In 1833–1834 Faraday discovered the effects of passing an electric current through certain solutions. He called these effects the laws of electrolysis. This has made possible the refinement of metals, silver and gold plating. So Faraday's laws put electrochemi­stry on its modern basis. In his honour the quantity of electricity required to liberate an 'equivalent weight' of an element is called a farad. Also, the unit of electrostatic capacitance is the farad, in his honour.

In later years Faraday made more discoveries in connection with electromagnetism and its interaction with light.

As a result of Faraday's work, Morse was able to invent the electromagnetic telegraph, Bell, the telephone, Edison, the electric light.

Примечания

1. he was apprenticed to a bookbinder – его отдали в ученики к переплетчику;

2. a stroke of luck – большая удача;

3. a customer – постоянный покупатель;

4. took careful notes – вел тщательные записи.

Задания по тексту "Michael Faraday – English Physicist and Chemist"

I. a) Найдите в тексте слова, являющиеся синонимами данных слов: well-off, to decide, wages, immediately, wish, to invent, suggestion, amount, field.

б) Заполните пропуски соответствующими английскими словами: devised, interaction, job, salary, application, solve, desire, below.

1. Faraday hoped to get a ... that would bring him into closer contact with science. 2. Faraday sent Davy an ... for a job as his assistant. 3. Faraday's ... was smaller than the one he had been earning as a bookbinder. 4. The temperatures which Fara­day produced in the laboratory were ... the zero mark on Fah­renheit scale. 5. Scientists wanted to ... the problem to electro-magnetism. 6. Faraday made a number of discoveries connected with electromagnetism and its ... with light. 7. Faraday's employer understood his … for learning and allowed him to attend scientific lectures. 8. Faraday … the methods for liquefying the gases under pressure.

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, не обращаясь к тексту.

1. In what country did Faraday live and make his discoveries? 2. What family did Faraday come from? 3. Did he receive any education? 4. What was his first job? 5. Where did he work at the age of twenty-two? 6. What role did Davy play in his life? 7. What was his first mark in chemistry? 8. Was Faraday a pio­neer in the field of cryogenics? 9. What was his contribution to electrochemistry? 10. What do we call the laws of electrolysis? 11. What unit is called a farad? 12. What other discoveries did Faraday make?

III. Перескажите текст "Michael Faraday – English Physicist and Chemist", используя следующие слово­сочетания:

the desire for learning; attend lectures; take notes; get a job; offer a job; be in close contact with; application for a job; be im­pressed; at a salary; leave for; become professor of; build the generator; be a pioneer in; carry on; in addition; a number of; effects of passing an electric current; contribution to electrochemistry; in one's honour; give lectures in.

Text 2

Ø Выпишите значения данных слов, пользуясь словарём; выучите их наизусть. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

apparatus п.,complete v.,conduct v.,create v.,improvement п.,install v.,receive v.,sufficiently adv.,coherer п.,discharge п.,impulse п.,lightning conductor п.,oscillation п.,receiver п.,reception n., recorder п.,restore v.,sensitive a.,wave п.,wireless a.

A. S. Popov – Inventor of Radio

A. S. Popov was born on the 4th of March 1859 in a mining village in the Ural Mountains. He was a very inquisitive boy and all who knew Popov from childhood remarked on his thirst of knowledge, great interest in natural science especially in elec­tricity, and talent for creating and building.

Before entering the department of physics of the University Popov completed the course of study first in a theological school and then in the Perm seminary.

In 1877 he went to St. Petersburg University and after gra­duating in 1882 became an assistant in the physics laboratory.

Later, he joined the staff of the Mining School for Navy Officers in Kronstadt, subsequently becoming the head of the physics department. There he had a well-equipped laboratory and a good library. Popov performed a lot of experiments with a de­vice for receiving electromagnetic waves. The result of his work has a coherer containing metallic filings with a tapping device for automatically restoring the filings to a sensitive condition after they had cohered on the reception of oscillations. By this means, each received impulse of oscillation caused a bell to ring or a mark to be made on a simple recorder. This apparatus was demonstrated at a meeting of the St. Petersburg Physical and Chemical Society on the 7th of May 1895. Popov's apparatus was later installed at a meteorological observatory, the coherer being connected to a lightning conductor and used for the study of atmospheric electrical discharges received at distances up to nearly 20 miles. The receiver after certain improvements was employed for the reception of signals from a distance, when a sufficiently strong source of oscillations had been discovered.

In 1901 Popov returned to St. Petersburg as a professor at the Electrical Engineering Institute, of which he was appointed director in 1905.

In his pedagogical activities special attention was paid to the courses of electricity and wireless telegraphy. In delivering these lectures, Popov revealed himself a pioneer in electrical and radio engineering in Russia.

Popov devoted much time to practical work with the students. At the Electrical Engineering Institute he had several assistants who conducted the laboratory work. But the professor was inva­riably present watching the work of each student.

Popov died on December 31, 1905, at the age of 47.

Задания по тексту "A. S. Popov – Inventor of Radio"

I. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих русских слов и выражений:

быть любознательным, проводить опыт, прибор, жажда знаний, международный, хорошо оснащённая лаборатория, организовать, колебание, электромагнитные волны, естественный, общество, электрический разряд, расстояние, беспроводная телеграфия, проявить себя, посвятить много времени.

II. Подберите правильно завершение каждой из данных фраз:

1. Popov completed… a director of Electrical Engineering Institute.
2. He performed… the stuff of the Mining School.
3. Popov's apparatus… a course of study.
4. He joined… a pioneer of electrical engineering in Russia.
5. He was appointed… was installed in observatory.
6. He revealed himself… a lot of experiments.

III. Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. When and where was A. S. Popov born? 2. What things was he interested in before entering the University? 3. Where did he receive his higher education? 4. What was his job after graduat­ing? 5. What apparatus did Popov invent in 1895? 6. Where did he demonstrate it? 7. Where was this apparatus installed? 8. Suppose you are asked about pedagogical activities of Popov in the Electrical Engineering Institute, what will you say? 9. Why do people mark the 7th of May as the Day of Radio?

IV. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. А. С. Попов, великий русский ученый, изобретатель радио, родился в 1859 г. на Урале. 2. В 1877 г. Попов поступил на физико-математический факультет Петербургского Универси­тета. 3. Будучи студентом университета, Попов проводил много­численные эксперименты с электромагнитными волнами. 4. По­сле окончания он получил право работать при университете и продолжать свои научные исследования. 5. Несколько лет про­фессор А. С. Попов работал в Электротехническом институте в Петербурге. 6. В 1905 г. он стал первым выборным директо­ром этого института. 7. А. С. Попов одним из первых в России занялся исследованием электромагнитных колебаний, указав на возможность применения электромагнитных волн для беспрово­лочной передачи сигналов на расстояние. 8. 7 мая 1895 г. на заседании Физического отделения Русского физико-химического общества Попов продемонстрировал созданный им прибор, явившийся первой в мире приёмной радиостанцией.

V. Перескажите текст "A.S. Popov – Inventor of Radio", используя данный план.

1. Popov's childhood and youth.

2. His experiments and his famous apparatus.

3. Pedagogical activities of this scientist.

Text 3

Ø Выпишите значения данных слов, пользуясь словарём; выучите их наизусть. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

fluorescent a., alternating a., current n., electricity n., reverse v., wire n., engine n., spin v., shaft n., after all adv., patent n., cause v., set up v., lightning n., genius n., efficient a., still adv.

Nicola Tesla

Nicola Tesla is one of the most important inventors in history: he designed over 120 inventions. Most of them are still used today in one form or another. He invented fluorescent lights, sun-powered engines, robots, the first electric clock, and a very important machine part that is used in all radios and televisions. But, of course, his most important invention was alternating current electricity, or AC.

Tesla was born in 1856 in Croatia. While he was at the University of Prague, he thought of the idea to use an AC current in a motor. He reversed the direct current (DC) that comes from a battery. When Tesla was working as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, he built the first model of his motor. But the people at the company weren't interested in it. Tesla decided to go to the United States to talk to the great inventor Thomas Edison. But Edison didn't like his idea one bit: after all, he was the inventor of the DC system of electricity.

In early 1888, working in his experimental shop in New York, Tesla built and demonstrated the 'induction' or 'electromagnetic' motor. Tesla's revolutionary motor used a rotating magnetic field, rather than mechanical switches, to spin the rotor. This allowed the more efficient AC power to become the standard for most office and household appliances.

Nicola Tesla created the Tesla Electric Light Company and received 40 patents for AC equipment (patents are legal papers that give a person the right to be the only one to make a new invention).

Tesla continued his work and came up with the idea of an engine that uses the sun's power. After his work with solar power, he became interested in the idea of controlling the weather. He set up a laboratory in Colorado where he developed the Tesla coil, which is a machine part used in radios and televisions. He also created lightning when he tried to transmit electrical energy without wires.

As the years went by, Tesla didn't have the money to finish his projects and people heard less and less about him. In 1915 he refused to share the Nobel Prize with Thomas Edison; he died a poor man at the age of 87.

Tesla was a serious scientist, who was interested only in seeing his inventions work and be used. He is remembered as a creative genius and a very important figure in the field of electrical science.

Задания по тексту "Nicola Tesla"

I. Подберите определения к данным словам из текста:

fluorescent, set up, reverse, patent, come up with, wire, transmit, genius.

1. to change something so that it goes the other way;

2. very bright, glowing, cool light;

3. to start something new;

4. someone who has an unusually high level of mental skill or ability;

5. a legal paper that gives a person the right to be the only one to make a new invention;

6. to send out or carry across;

7. a piece of metal in the form of a thread, used for carrying electrical currents;

8. to think of an idea.

II. Дайте определения следующим словам на английском языке; составьте 6 предложений, используя каждое из предложенных слов:

a) invention;

b) solar;

c) lightning;

d) to share;

e) creative;

f) engine.

III. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What are Tesla's inventions? What is the most important one?

2. When did he build the first model of electric motor?

3. Why did he have to go the USA?

4. What is a patent? How many patents for AC equipment did Tesla receive?

5. Where did he develop 'the Tesla coil'?

6. Tesla refused to share the Nobel Prize with Thomas Edison, didn't he? Why?

7. Why is this scientist considered to be a very important figure in the field of electrical science?

IV. Пронумеруйте предложения, восстановив хронологический порядок событий:

Þ Tesla created the Tesla Electric Company.

Þ Tesla refused to share the Nobel Prize with Thomas Edison.

Þ Tesla decided to go to the USA.

Þ Tesla set up a laboratory in Colorado.

Þ Tesla went to the University of Prague.

Þ Tesla built electromagnetic motor.

Supplementary Texts

Ø Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста.

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) was an American printer, author, publisher, inventor and scientist. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706. His father was a maker of soap and candles.

Franklin's curiosity about natural phenomena can be observed from his boyhood. In the winter of 1747 he began his experiments with electricity, his famous kitel experiments. He did not know what electricity was, but he did know that it could be passed through a metal wire. The result of this experiment was the light­ning conductor, used all over the world.

He marvelled at the newly invented Leyden Jar2 and was among the first to realize that it could store3electricity. He in­vented many terms which are still used in electricity (battery, se­miconductor, etc.).

Ben Franklin gave the study of electricity a boost. In the hundred years after he flew his kite Coulomb, Ampere, Ohm, and Volta all made important discoveries. The names of these men are familiar to everybody – we have honoured them by naming the units of electrical measurement after them.

Heat, light, sound and magnetism interested Franklin as did hydrodynamics, chemistry, geology, physiology, psychology, ocea­nography, as well as the social sciences.

Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at the age of 84. Philadel­phia, who had elected him mayor, gave him the most impressive funeral that city had ever seen.

Примечания

1. kite – бумажный змей;

2. Leyden Jar – Лейденская банка;

3. store – запасать, накапливать.

Определите, соответствуют ли приводимые положения содержанию текста. Если нет, дайте правильный вариант.

1. Franklin was not interested in social sciences.

2. Franklin helped to find new function of Leyden Jar and used it in his experiment.

3. In the winter of 1847 he began his experiments with electricity.

4. The result of this experiment was the lightning conductor, used all over the world.

5. The text gives the explanation of some electrical terms invented by Franklin.

Ø Выполните письменный перевод текста о Генрихе Герце.

Heinrich Hertz

One of the most brilliant experimentators in the history of na­tural science a German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), being deeply convinced of the truth of the Faraday – Maxwell theory, set himself the task of proving experimentally the exi­stence of free electromagnetic waves. He established the fact that they are governed by the same laws (reflection, refraction, and polarization) as light waves. Having experimentally proved the identity of the properties of electromagnetic waves and light, Hertz controlled them as well.

But nevertheless, these Hertzian waves did not go farther than his laboratory or the university garden in Bonn. His appara­tus was not very sensitive for an experiment with greater dis­tances and not suitable at all for experiments aimed at a practi­cal transmission of signals over considerable distances.

The scientific value of Hertz's discovery, however, is not less though he did not find a practical application for it. Hertz's dis­covery was immediately recognized throughout the world, and Popov was one of the first to begin elaborating further this extremely important scientific advancement. He read papers and delivered public lectures, always pointing out that this new achievement of science is not only of theoretical value, that it may find a practical application.

The path to Popov's great discovery was marked by the inve­stigations of many scientists in different countries.




12345678910Следующая ⇒






Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2018-06-01; просмотров: 874.

stydopedya.ru не претендует на авторское право материалов, которые вылажены, но предоставляет бесплатный доступ к ним. В случае нарушения авторского права или персональных данных напишите сюда...