Memorize the following vocabulary units.

buoyancy, fixed aerodynamic surfaces, propulsion, performance, hypersonic, jet fighter, fuel, refueling, straight wing, sweep wing, subsonic, transonic, supersonic

2. Transcribe the words:

aircraft, airplane, buoyancy, aerodynamic, propulsion, hypersonic, altitude, design

3. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

1	speed	A	sailplane
2	buoyancy	B	productivity
3	glider	C	velocity
4	performance	D	carrying capacity
5	maneuverable	E	easy-to-handle

4. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):

1	craft	A	pushing forwards
2	altitude	B	a type of aircraft which derives both lift and propulsion from one or two sets of horizontally revolving overhead rotors
3	lift	C	spaceship
4	propulsion	D	the capabilities of a machine, product, or vehicle
5	helicopter	E	a rigid horizontal structure that projects from both sides of an aircraft and supports it in the air
6	performance	F	upward force exerted by the air on an aerofoil or other structure
7	wing	G	rapidity of movement or action
8	speed	H	material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power
9	fuel	I	a fast military aircraft designed for attacking other aircraft
10	fighter	J	the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

5. Explain in English and translate the words and expressions into Russian:

airplane, aircraft, propulsion, regimes of flight, hypersonic speed, sound barrier, passenger airplane

6.Complete the text with the words from the box  

fixed	shape	engines	pressure
wings	surface	propeller.	forward
blades	air	nose	steer

An airplane is a heavier-than-air craft with (1) wings (that is,wings that don’t move) and one or more (2). In many airplanes, the engine turns a (3). Propellers are found mostly on a plane’s (4) or (5). The propeller is made of several (6) around a center, or hub.The front (7) of each blade is rounded. It has an airfoil (8). Asthe propeller rotates, it causes (9) to move faster in front of the bladesthan behind them. The air (10), then, is lower in front than in back.This difference pulls the propeller (11). The airplane is pulled forward,too. But there’s more to flying than moving forward. An airplane pilotalso needs to (12) the craft. For this, the plane has “control surfaces.”These are moveable flaps on the plane’s wings and tail.

7. Find in the texts the Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:

(1) vehicle, (2) motor, (3) power plant , (4) rotor plane, (5) airfoil, (6) tempo, (7) supersonic Mach number, (8) hypersonic velocity, (9) efficiency

8. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken, etc.

1) Is every aircraft an airplane? Why?

2) Why are there so many different types of airplanes?

3) What are four basic wing types?

4) What are the speed classifications?

5) What does the term Mach mean?

6) What purposes are airplanes designed for?

7) Can you compare the performances of passenger airplanes and jet fighters?

Speaking

Give a 5-minute presentation on one of the following topics. Use the Extemporaneous Method of Delivery.

1) Airplanes and aircrafts

2) Speed classification for airplanes

Writing

Summarise the airplanes classifications in a short paragraph of 100 words. You can classify from from general to specific or from specific to general. Use the phrases.

Unit 10Airplane structure

Definition:Ameans of air transportation that is propelled by an internal combustion, turboprop, or jet engine.

Nature and Use

Airplanes fly with the help of the laws of physics and engineering. They come in all shapes and sizes and serve different purposes. Some aircraft are used for training; others are used for transporting goods and freight. Military aircraft are used in waging warfare. Passenger airliners are used for the daily transportation of travelers. Although airplanes have different designs and functions, all airplanes share common traits. The fuselage, or body of the aircraft, carries people, cargo, and baggage. Attached to the fuselage are the wings, which provide the lift to carry the aircraft and its payload. To balance the airplane in flight, the tail, or empennage, is very important. The landing gear allows the airplane to operate on the earth’s surface. The flight controls are used to maneuver the aircraft in flight. Flaps provide additional lift and drag for takeoffs and landings

Fuselage

The primary job of the fuselage is to provide space for the flight crew and passengers. The attachment of the wings and other load-bearing structures is also an important function of the fuselage.

Wings

 Wings are as varied as other parts of the airplane. They come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the aircraft’s speed and weight requirements. A slower airplane may have a rectangular wing or a tapered wing. A rectangular wing is one in which the chord line, or cross section, of the wing, remains constant from the root of the wing near the body of the aircraft to the wingtip. A tapered wing is one that becomes narrower toward the tip. High-speed aircraft, such as jet transports, airliners, or fighter aircraft, have swept-wing designs. The purpose of the swept wing is to allow the airplane to fly at higher airspeeds.

Empennage

The empennage is the tail structure of the aircraft, which includes the vertical stabilizer and rudder, along with the horizontal stabilizers and elevator. These essential components provide stability for the airplane in flight.

Landing Gear

In order to move around on the earth’s surface, all aircraft have landing gear. The most common arrangement of the landing gear is the tricycle landing gear, in which the aircraft has two main wheels that extend from either the wing or the fuselage and a third wheel that extends from the nose of the aircraft.

Flight Controls

The flight control system controls the aircraft in flight and comprises the devices that command movement of the aircraft around all three axes: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical. The elevator controls the airplane’s longitudinal movement about its lateral axis. In other words, it causes the airplane’s nose to go up or down. Finally, the rudder controls the airplane about the vertical axis.

Flaps

Airplanes have flaps for both takeoffs and landings. Located on the inboard portion of the wing at the rear, flaps change the shape of the wing in a way that creates both lift and drag. The first half of travel, after takeoff, creates more lift than drag, whereas the last half of travel, before landing, creates more drag without a noticeable increase in lift.

The Power Plant

The internal combustion engine powers many of today’s light airplanes. The most popular arrangement of the engine is in the horizontally opposed configuration. The engine is air-cooled and typically arranged in a flat four- or six-cylinder configuration, allowing the best cooling for all of the cylinders.

"Aero" is a Greek prefix signifying air. Air is made up of a mixture of gasses, and thus is itself a gas. However, in all the reading about aeronautics you have done air is referred to as a fluid. For instance, air obeys the laws of fluid dynamics. The technical definition of a fluid states that a fluid is any substance that flows. Obviously water flows, but so does air and so do powders! So, technically speaking, air and powders are fluids. Most important to our study of aeronautics is the fact that air obeys the physical laws of fluids.

Exercises

Vocabulary