Complete the text with the words from the box

Gagarin accustomed himself to (1). He wrote notes on a pad, and when he finished, it (2) free and lodged under the seat. An hour into the (3) and he was over Cape Horn, South America. Night fell:

I have never forgotten it. The (4) were so clearly visible—blindingly bright and full-bodied. The (5) was blacker than it ever appears on earth, with the real slate blackness of (6).

The automatic guidance (7) locked on. Gagarin’s next (8) was to test the ability of a man to eat and drink in space. He took away some tubes from their racks, squeezed them and found no (9). Little water droplets floated around the (10). Vostok flashed into daylight and the Sun marched over the eastern (11). Gas (12) hissed in the vacuum. Vostok turned around to prepare for retrofire. All this time Gagarin reported back his every move, his every (13). His (14) came through the mushy crackly short wave.

Translate into Russian

manned flight; manned space flight; manned space vehicle; manned spaceship;

manned orbiting spacecraft; manned space program = manned man-in-space program; manned satellite; manned artificial satellite; manned space exploration

manned program; manned space activities; manned space complex

5. Translate the following text into English:

В декабре 1959 года Юрий Гагарин написал заявление с просьбой зачислить его в группу кандидатов в космонавты. Через неделю его вызвали в Москву для прохождения медицинского обследования. В начале следующего года последовала ещё одна специальная медкомиссия, которая признала Гагарина годным для космических полётов. В марте 1960 годаГагарин был зачислен в группу кандидатов в космонавты. Он вместе с семьёй выехал к новому месту работы. С 25 марта начались регулярные занятия по программе подготовки космонавтов.

12 апреля1961 годас космодромаБайконурвпервые в мире стартовал космический корабль «Восток» с пилотом-космонавтом Юрием Алексеевичем Гагариным на борту. За этот полёт ему было присвоено звание Героя Советского Союза и воинское звание майора. Начиная с 12 апреля 1962 года, день полёта Гагарина в космос был объявлен праздником —Днём космонавтики.

Complete each sentence (1-10) with one of the endings (A-J)

7. Find proper definitions (second column) for the words and word combinations (first column):

Speaking

 Give a 5-minute presentation on one of the following topics. Use the Memorized Method of Delivery.

1) The Idea of Manned Space Flight

2) Russian Cosmonauts

3) American Cosmonauts

4) European Cosmonauts

Writing

Do some research and write a 100-200 word history of space flight. Organize your material into a definite structure. Read the text aloud using the correct pronunciation. Look through this list of words and phrases for new ideas on how to begin and end paragraphs in your paper.

Unit 6Airports

Also known as: Aerodromes, airfields, landing strips

Definition: An area of land that provides for the taking off, landing, and surface maneuvering of aircraft.

Significance: Although airports mark the beginning and ending points of aircraft flights, they are more than mere runways or grass areas for takeoffs and landings. Airports are facilities that provide for the maintenance and servicing of aircraft, serve as exchange points for passengers and cargo, and host the various navigational aids used by pilots to guide an aircraft in flight.

Nature and Use

An airport is defined by the type of aircraft it serves and by where it is located. Airports range in size from large commercial air carrier airports, such as Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport, with more than 30 million passengers per year, to small, privately owned grass landing strips in rural areas with landings of only a few small aircraft each year. In the United States, there are about 15,000 airport landing facilities, only 5,000 of which are open to the public. Even fewer, about 3,000, are served by commercial air carrier service. The other airports are small, general aviation airports in private or public ownership.

Types of Airports

Although airports may be classified in a number of different ways, the broadest categories are general aviation and commercial service airports. General aviation airports are those that do not receive regularly scheduled passenger service but rather have a primary purpose of serving the aviation interests and needs of small or outlying communities. General aviation includes such activities as corporate and business transportation, recreational flying, aircraft instruction and rental, aerial observation, skydiving activities, and other special uses.

 Landing Facilities

An airport’s landing facilities generally consist of a runway or landing strip along with related taxiways and parking areas. A runway is a graded or paved area suitable for the taking off or landing of aircraft. Although most runways in developed nations serving small to large commercial aircraft are paved, there are still many airports that are either grass or dirt strips. These types of landing strips usually serve small piston- or turbine-engine aircraft in rural or undeveloped areas of a country or in developing nations.

Runways

In the early days of aviation, dirt and grass runways were the norm. They tended to be wide open field areas that allowed pilots to take off and land in whichever direction the wind was blowing. This is because aircraft weighed relatively little and needed only a short distance to take off. As aircraft and pavement technology developed and the weight of aircraft increased, the need for longer and stronger runway surfaces emerged. The previously open fields were soon developed into graded areas oriented in the direction of the prevailing winds. These graded areas were then paved. If strong winds occasionally blew from a direction different to that of the paved runway, crosswind runways might also be graded and paved. Aircraft are designed to land into the wind. When winds blow from a different direction than the orientation of the primary runway, some aircraft are unable to handle the side forces of the wind when landing or taking off. A secondary crosswind runway built to accommodate the occasional crosswind is then used instead of the primary runway.

Exercises

Vocabulary

1. Transcribe the words:

Aerodromes, maneuvering, scheduled, aerial, designed, technology, surface although, commercial

2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):

3. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

4. Explain in English and then translate the following words and expressions into Russian:

airport landing facilities, pavement technology, prevailing winds, private or public ownership, recreational flying, graded or paved area, primary and secondary runway.

Speaking

Conversation Questions: “Airplanes”. Work with a partner and discuss these questions:

1. How old were you when you went on your first flight? Where did you go?

2. Do you like to travel by airplane?

3. What was the longest flight you have ever taken?

4. What seat do you prefer: window, center or aisle?

5. What are three things you're supposed to do before the flight takes off?

6. What do you like to do during the flight? Does the plane provide anything to do to pass the time?

7. What do you do when you experience turbulence?

8. What should be done with obese people who practically take up two seats?

9. Can you sleep during the flight?

10. Have you ever seen a female pilot? Why do you think most pilots are men?

11. Would you like to be a flight attendant? What are the benefits and /or downfalls?

12. Are most flight attendants female? Is being a flight attendant considered a good job in your country? What do you think are the qualifications?

13. Are planes really safer than cars? (A study shows that flying is 176 times safer than walking, 15 times safer than driving and 300 times safer than a motorbike).

14. What are the advantages of traveling by airplane? What are the disadvantages?

15. Do you know someone who is afraid of flying in an airplane?

16. What questions should you ask when buying airplane tickets?

17. What is a charter flight?

18. What things can you see in an airport?

19. What questions do they ask you when you check-in at the airport?

20. What questions do they ask you when going through immigration and customs at the airport?

Writing

Compose a written report. Give several reasons and mention various counter- arguments of travelling by plane. Use the following transitional phrases

Unit 7

Forces of flight

Definition: The so-called four forces—gravity, drag, lift, and thrust—that act upon an airplane in straightand-level unaccelerated flight.

Significance: Weight and drag are forces of nature inherent of any object lifted from the ground and moved through the air. The forces of lift and thrust are artificially caused to overcome the forces of weight and drag and enable an airplane to fly.

Humans’ first attempts to fly, inspired by birds, were limited until humans realized they could not fly like birds. Birds, with their very light weight, great strength, and complex biological design, can use their wings to create both lift and thrust to overcome the natural forces of weight and drag, and to maintain control. Humans, in contrast, had to invent a different approach to meet any success in aviation. The functions of lift and thrust had to be separated. For that, wings and engines were introduced. While wings produce lift, engines produce thrust. Following the first flights made by Orville and Wilbur Wright in December, 1903, the pace of aeronautical development accelerated, and the progress made in overcoming the natural forces in the aviation industry in following decades was dramatic. The understanding of natural forces is thus as important for an airplane’s aerodynamics as the creation of artificial forces to counterbalance these natural forces. The engine and propeller combination is designed to produce thrust to overcome drag. The wing is designed to produce lift to overcome weight, or gravity. In unaccelerated, straight-and-level flight, which is coordinated flight at a constant altitude and heading, lift equals weight and thrust equals drag. Nevertheless, lift and weight will not equal thrust and drag. In everyday vocabulary, the upward forces balance the downward forces, and forward forces balance the rearward forces. This statement is true whether or not the contributions due to weight, drag, lift, and thrust are calculated separately. Any inequality between lift and weight will result in the airplane entering a climb or descent. Any inequality between thrust and drag while maintaining straight-and-level flight will result in acceleration or retardation until the two forces become balanced.

However, there are a couple of paradoxes surrounding this information. The first paradox is that in a low-speed, high power climb, the amount of lift is less than the amount of weight. In this situation, thrust is supporting part of the weight. The second paradox is that in a low-power, high speed descent, the amount of lift is again less than the amount of weight. In this situation, the drag is supporting part of the weight. In light aircraft, the amount of lift ordinarily is approximately ten times the amount of drag. The motion of an aircraft through the air depends on the size of these four forces. The weight of an airplane is determined by the size and material used in the airplane’s construction and on the payload and fuel that the airplane carries.

The lift and drag are aerodynamical forces that depend on the shape and the size of the aircraft, air conditions, and the flight speed and direction relative to the air velocity. The thrust is determined by the size and type of the propulsion system used in the airplane and on the throttle setting selected during the flight.

The relative wind velocity acting on the airplane contributes a certain amount of force, called total aerodynamic force. This force can be resolved into two components perpendicular to each other along the directions of lift and drag. Lift is the component of aerodynamic force directly perpendicular to the relative wind velocity. Drag is the component of aerodynamic force acting parallel to the relative motion of the wind. Weight is the force directed always downward toward the center of the earth. It is equal to the mass of the airplane multiplied by the acceleration due to the gravity, or the strength of the gravitational field.Thrust is the force produced by the engine and is usually more or less parallel to the long axis of the airplane.

Exercises

Vocabulary

1. Transcribe the words:

thrust, artificially, aeronautical, strength, inequality, aerodynamical, perpendicular, axis, propulsion

Forces

How do you make something (1)? How do you make it move, change its (2) or (3) or stop? You give it a (4) or a (5). Pushes and pulls are examples of what scientists call (6). When you pull (7) at the on your jacket, you are using force. (8) designing a Moon rocket have to take into account all the forces that will act on it. These include not only the forces generated by its (9) to make it go, but also other forces that affect its (10), such as gravity. Force is described by the (11) of push or pull. It is also described by the direction of the push or pull. When you push on a door, you are using force in one direction. When you pull on that same door, you are using force in the (12) direction.

7. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know;as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken, etc.

1) What forces act upon an airplane in straight- and-level unaccelerated flight?

2)How do birds create both lift and thrust to overcome the natural forces of weight and drag?

3) What forces do wings and engines produce?

4)What will any inequality between lift and weight result in?

5) What will any inequality between thrust and drag result in?

6)What is weight of an airplane determined by?

7) What is weight equal to?

8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Подъемная сила, сила сопротивления, сила тяги ивес действуют на самолетв полете.

2.Самолет находится в состоянииравновесия, когдасила тяга исопротивлениеравны и противоположны по направлению.

3. Самолет  будет продолжатьдвигаться впередс той жеравномерной скоростью.

4. Еслисила тяги илисопротивлениястановится больше, чемпротивоположная сила, самолет теряет своесостояние равновесия.

5. Еслитягабольшесопротивления, самолет будет ускоряться.

6. Еслисопротивлениебольшетяги, самолет теряет скоростьи в конечном итогеснижается.

7.Если подъемная сила большевеса, самолет будетподниматься.

Speaking

Conversation Questions: “Force”