Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Пособие предназначено для студентов, специализирующихся в области гидротехнического строительства и имеющих базовую начальную подготовку по английскому языку: знают фонологическую систему, знакомы с основными грамматическими категориями и владеют определенным объемом лексических единиц и речевых моделей. Пособие подготовлено в соответствии с требованиями типовой программы по иностранным языкам для высших учебных заведений (2008г.). Целью пособия является совершенствование и систематизация знаний и умений студентов, обогащение их словарного запаса в пределах предлагаемой тематики, формирование навыков правильного понимания, перевода и реферирования текстов по специальности, дальнейшее развитие разговорных навыков на основе письменного текста.

Пособие состоит из девяти разделов. Материалом пособия послужили оригинальные тексты. Наряду с текстами в каждом разделе предлагаются разнообразные языковые и речевые упражнения. Языковые упражнения используются для обучения студентов структурным элементам языка и их систематизации, активному усвоению профессиональной лексики и повторению некоторых аспектов грамматики. Большое внимание уделяется работе с профессиональной лексикой. Используются задания на понимание смысла через толкование соответствующих терминов, нахождение синонимов и антонимов, словообразование. Речевые упражнения позволяют проверить общее понимание прочитанного, закрепить приобретенные лексические навыки и предполагают обучение говорению на базе прочитанного текста. Предлагаемые для перевода мини-тексты позволяют практиковаться в корректном употреблении терминов. В конце каждого раздела предусмотрены задания на развитие навыков монологической речи с привлечением дополнительной информации, что, с одной стороны, стимулирует научный поиск, а с другой – формирует у студентов навыки общения с аудиторией и ведения дискуссии на английском языке.

UNIT I                  WATER ON THE EARTH

Read interesting facts about water, matching questions with the answers.

1) How much water is on the earth?

2) How much of the earth's water is fresh?

3) How much water do living things contain?

4) How much water does a person take in over a lifetime?

5) What are the different forms of water?

       6) How much water does a person use every day?

8) Can water ever be used up?

Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.

Read the text carefully paying attention to the terms in italics. Answer the following question.

Why is water never used up?

Text A                                                                              Water

Water is the most common substance on earth. It covers more than 70 per cent of the earth's surface. It fills the oceans, rivers, and lakes, and is in the ground and in the air we breathe. Water is everywhere.

Without water, there can be no life. In fact, every living thing consists mostly of water. Your body is about two-thirds water. A chicken is about three-fourths water, and a pineapple is about four-fifths water. Most scientists believe that life itself began in water—in the salty water of the sea.

Water resources on the Earth

Ever since the world began, water has been shaping the earth. Rain hammers at the land and washes soil into rivers. The oceans pound against the shores, chiselling cliffs and carrying away land. Rivers knife through rock, carve canyons, and build up land where they empty into the sea. Glaciers plough valleys and cut down mountains.

Water helps keep the earth's climate from getting too hot or too cold. Land absorbs and releases heat from the sun quickly. But the oceans absorb and release the sun's heat slowly. So breezes from the oceans bring warmth to the land in winter and coolness in summer.

Throughout history, water has been people's slave— and their master. Great civilizations have risen where water supplies were plentiful. They have fallen when these supplies failed. People have killed one another for a muddy water hole. They have worshiped rain gods and prayed for rain. Often, when rains have failed to come, crops have withered and starvation has spread across a land. Sometimes the rains have fallen too heavily and too suddenly. Then rivers have overflowed their banks, drowning large numbers of people and causing enormous destruction of property.

Today, more than ever, water is both slave and master to people. We use water in our homes for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and carrying away wastes. We use water to irrigate dry farm lands so we can grow more food. Our factories use more water than any other mate­rial. We use the water in rushing rivers and thundering waterfalls to produce electricity.

Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every year, there are more people in the world. Factories turn out more and more products, and need more and more water. We live in a world of water. But almost all of it— about 97.5 per cent—is in the oceans. This water is too salty to be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing. Only about 2.5 per cent of the world's water is fresh (unsalty). Most of this water is not easily available to people because it is locked in icecaps and other glaciers.

There is as much water on earth today as there ever was—or ever will be. Almost every drop of water we use finds its way to the oceans. There, it is evaporated by the sun. It then falls back to the earth as rain. Water is used and reused over and over again. It is never used up.

Although the world as a whole has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage. Rain does not fall evenly over the earth. Some regions are always too dry, and others too wet.

Some regions have a water shortage because the people have managed their supply poorly. People settle where water is plentiful—near lakes and rivers. Cities grow, and factories spring up. The cities and factories dump their wastes into the lakes and rivers, polluting them. Then the people look for new sources of water. Shortages also occur because some cities do not make full use of their supply. They have plenty of water but not enough storage tanks, treatment plants, and distribution pipes to meet the people's needs.

As our demand for water grows and grows, we will have to make better and better use of our supply. The more we learn about water, the better we will be able to meet this challenge.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.

1) Water covers more than 70 % of the earth's surface.

2) Water is in the air we breathe.

3) We can’t exist without water.

4) Most scientists don’t believe that life itself began in the salty water of the sea.

5) Water influences the earth's climate.

6) Land absorbs and releases heat from the sun slowly.

7) People irrigate dry farm lands to grow more food.

8) 2.5% of the water supply on Earth is saltwater and 97.5% of it is fresh water.

9) Most of fresh water is easily available to people.

10) Rains fall evenly over the earth.

11) The cities and factories pollute water.