Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я оставил свою тетрадь дома. 2. Где Пётр? – Он ещё не пришёл. 3. Что ты делаешь? – Я читаю английский рассказ. 4. Сколько страниц ты уже прочитал? – Я прочитал уже семь страниц. 5. Сколько новых слов вы выучили в этом месяце? 6. Я не могу поехать с тобой. Я ещё не сдал экзамен по математике. 7. Мы не видели его уже три года. 8. Где студенты? – Они в саду. Они там уже два часа. - Что они там делают? – Сажают деревья. 9. Я читаю эту книгу уже два месяца и узнала много новых слов. 10. Наконец-то мы закончили работу. Теперь мы можем отдохнуть.

Additional Grammar

1. Connect the sentences with “ before “ using the Past Perfect Tense.

e.g. I prepared the meat. I cooked it.

       I had prepared the meat before I cooked it.

1. It began to rain. The party started.

2. Mark just left. I entered the house.

3. I ate. My brother arrived.

4. We studied. We took the exam.

5. The students translated the text. The bell rang.

6. The girl cleaned the room. Her mother came.

7. We reached the village. The sun set. 

Complete the following sentences.

1. The article said that (the pilot, to save, the lives, of 60 passengers)

2. (They, already, to buy, their tickets) and were now sitting and waiting.

3. Bob couldn’t tell us (what, to happen) because (he, not to be, there).

4. I was surprised that (they, to allow, the boy, to carry, such, a heavy, things).

5. My friend was never late, so I was surprised that he (not to arrive, yet).

3. Put the verb “to write” in the appropriate form.

1. We often … letters to our parents.

2. What … you … now?

3. Yesterday they … … tests from 10 till 12 o’clock.

4. Who … … this letter tomorrow?

5. I … … some letters last week.

6. What … you … tomorrow at 10?

7. When I came in she … … a letter.

8. … you often … letters to your friends?

9. I … not … this article now. I … … it in some days.

10. … he … his report at the moment?

11. What … she … in the evening yesterday?

12. As a rule he … tests well.

Additional Grammar

1. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Future Perfect Tense, and fill the spaces by replacing the auxiliary.

1. Where you (be)? I (be) to the dentist. 2. You (have) breakfast? - Yes, I _____ . 3. The post (come)? – Yes, it _____ . 4. You (see) my watch anywhere? – No, I’m afraid I ____ .5. Someone (wind) the clock? – Yes, Tom _____ . 6. I (not finish) my letter yet. 7. He just (go) out. 8. Someone (take) my bicycle. 9. The phone (stop) ringing. 10. You (hear) from her lately? – No, I _____. 11. The cat (steal) the fish. 12. There aren’t any buses because the drivers (go) on strike. 13. You (have) enough to eat? – Yes, I (have) plenty, thank you. 14. Charles (pass) his exam? – Yes, he ____ . 15. You ever (ride) a camel?

Test. Choose the right tense of the verb.

1. – Can you come to me on Friday?

- Sorry, I’d love to, but I … for Paris tomorrow.

a. leave          b. am leaving          c. will leave

2. Let’s go to the snack bar.

- What … we … for lunch?

a. are … going to have         b. are … having         c. shall … have

3. - Have you finished your translation? 

- I … the translation by 9 o’clock tomorrow.

a. shall have finished            b. have finished          c. had finished

4. In three months he … here for a year.

a. has been              b. will have been                c. was

5. I … Dick today.

a. haven’t seen        b. hadn’t seen        c. didn’t see

6. Were you tired after the skiing trip yesterday? - Yes, I … .

a. were        b. did         c. was

Topic 14. Mass Media

Mass media play an important role in our life. They are usually defined by encyclopedias as any of the means of communication, such as radio, television, newspapers, magazines, etc. that reach and influence a very large audience, at least as large as the whole population of a nation. The term was coined in 1920s with emerging of nationwide radio networks and of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. I believe mass media are so influential because they can be used for various purposes: popularisation, for business or social concerns (advertising, marketing, public relations, and political communication), education, entertainment, video and computer games, journalism, public service announcements. Media include radio and television, films, various types of discs or tapes used for music and computer, Internet, publishing on paper (books, magazines, and newspapers).

Mass media play a crucial role in forming public opinion. They do it in a number of ways: first, they communicate the world to individuals. Much of the news media is made up of newsgathering by large organizations. Just four main news agencies — AP, UPI, Reuters and Agence France Presse — claim together to provide 90 % of the total news output of the world's press, radio and television. Second, they reproduce modern society's self-image by forcing attention to certain issues. They build up public images of political figures. They are constantly presenting objects suggesting what individuals in the mass should think about, know about, have feelings about. Because some of the media produce material which often is good, impartial, and serious, they have respect and authority. If we look into the reasons why the mass media shape public opinion, we will see, first of all, that in practice the ethics of the press and television provides a vital support for the existing order. Second, many of the mass media in practice cater for the tastes of some social group. Shaping the public opinion inside this group, they create the audience which supports them financially by buying the newspaper or watching the TV channel.

But how much do the media influence the modern society? Early critiques suggested that the media destroys the individual's capacity to act autonomously. Later studies, however, suggest a more complex interaction between the media and society. People actively interprete and evaluate the media and the information it provides.

Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Mass media are means of communication, such as radio, television, newspapers,

magazines, which create a very large audience.

 2. Mass media are so influential as they are used for popularisation for business and

social concerns, education, entertainment, advertisements, and so on.

 3. Mass media play a crucial role in forming public opinion, because, first, they

communicate the world to individuals, second, they reproduce the modern society's

self-image, third, they cater for the tastes of some social group.

 4. The four main news agencies provide 90 % of the total news output of the world's

press, radio and television.

 5. Mass media constantly force attention to certain issues, build up images of political

figures and present various objects suggesting what people should think about

them.

 6. As some amount of the information they present is impartial and serious, they have

respect and authority.

 7. They create the audience which supports them financially.

The Internet

The Internet is a huge network of computers spanning this planet and is now started to bring in the surrounding area like space. Some computers like servers share data, others just surf the web as clients downloading the data. Public Internet began in the late 70's. In the 70*s web users used an interface called telnet, but now that program is mainly obsolete. Telnet is most widely deployed in accessing college email accounts.

The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. But how to go on the Internet and do a search for information we need. There are two ways to do it.

The first is when you know an internet address of data you need and the second one is when you try to find information you need by using a search program. In the beginning we have got to enter any browser you like. It could be an Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc. If we have a broadband connection, we connect to the Internet at once. If not, we have to set up and connect to our dial-up service. Finally, if we want to find some information in the Internet, we are to type an address of this data in the browser we use or simply use the existing search-programs such as the google search program, rambler search program, yandex search program or yahoo search program.

They are very simple and popular networks of sites. In these programs we can just type the word or name of thing, we would like to find and then press enter. A search program solves this problem. We get our results in the same window. After we get our results, we simply choose whatever site best matches our query or keep searching.

Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive e-mail or electronic mail. This internet service is cheaper than ordinary mail and much quicker. It is becoming popular day by day. We can get some news from the Internet, because there are many informational servers in the web.

Questions:

1. What is the Internet?

 2. What are servers?

 3. When did public Internet appear?

 4. What was the most popular mail interface used in 70s?

 5. What kind of browsers do you know?

 6. How can we find information in the Internet?

 7. Is it cheaper to use the Internet mail service instead of ordinary post office?

 8. What search programs do you know?

Vocabulary

huge — большой, гигантский, громадный, огромный

network — сеть

tospan — обхватывать, охватывать

surrounding — окружающий

toshare — делить, распределять, разделять

data — мн. от datum; данные, факты, сведения; информация

tosurf — зд. находиться в сети

todownload —нагружать, пересылать (по линии связи)

interface — интерфейс, адаптер

obsolete — ненужный, вышедший из употребления; старый

todeploy — использовать, употреблять; развертывать

emailaccounts — учетные записи электронной почты

quantummechanics — квантовая механика

instantaneous — мгновенный; немедленный, незамедлительный

browser — браузер, окно просмотра; программа просмотра

broadbandconnection — выделенное подключение

dial-up — удаленный доступ к сети

totype — печатать, напечатать

search-program — программа-поисковик

site — сайт

tosolve — решать, разрешать; находить выход-

tomatch — подходить, соответствовать

query — запрос, вопрос

toprovide — снабжать, доставлять; обеспечивать

Grammar

1.Rewrite the following sentences, putting the underlined verbs into the future.

For example:

  They can explain the situation to us.

  They will be able to explain the situation to us.

May they leave whenever they wish?

  Will they be allowed to leave whenever they wish?

  She must obtain a license.

  She will have to obtain a license.

 1. She can describe it to you.

 2. You must lock the doors when you leave.

 3. He can follow the instructions.

 4. May they stay overnight?

 5. We must remember to buy groceries.

 6. She can finish the work on time.

 7. Must he take his glasses with him?

 8. Can they buy the tickets in advance?

 9. She must learn to be more careful.

 10. You may choose your own seat.

2. Change the verb from the past tense into the “going to” form.

1. Everyone had a good time. Everyone … … a good time.

2. Mary did well on her test. She … probable … well in college.

3. Peter didn’t do his laundry yet. Peter … it today either.

4. How many people were there? How many people … there …?

5. They went to a museum yesterday. They … to the zoo tomorrow.

6. John helped me fix my car. John … me fix my computer too.

7. We were at church on Sunday. We … at church next Sunday too.

8. She wasn’t on time for class yesterday. She … probably … on time today.

9. What did they have for breakfast? What … they … have for lunch?

10. Was there a good movie showing? … there … a good movie showing?

1. Give the modal meaning of the verbs.

1. He cannot speak German.

2. He might be in his office.

3. You may go home now.

4. Could you show me the way to the supermarket?

5. You ought to take more exercise.

6. She should not have told you that.

7. You don’t have to apologize.

8. I could not find my socks.

9. She must have left her bag on the train.

10. You need not buy any bread, we have got plenty.

11. We can go to the beach if you like.

12. You should consult with the doctor.

13. You must not make any noise.

14. You may retake the exam later.

15. You must have any form of identification.

2. Change the following sentences using the equivalents of the modal verbs and the Past or Future Simple Tense.

1. You must practice you reading every day.

2. She can translate this article without a dictionary.

3. The doctor must examine the child.

4. I may stay out late at weekends.

5. He can’t join the party, he is busy.

6. We must be there at five o’clock.

7. You can’t take the dog to the shop.

3. Rephrase the following situations using an appropriate modal verb as in the example.

Example: It is not possible that he has finished already.

1. He can’t have finished already.

2. It was not necessary for you to give him a present.

3. I advise you to stop eating chocolate.

4. I insist on you doing your homework.

5. It was wrong of him to kick this dog.

6. It is possible that she has already phoned him.

7. I will take the dog out if you like.

8. Will you let me speak to John, please?

9. It is possible that he is lying.

10. He was not able to write until he was eight.

11. Talking is not permitted during the test.

12. It would be a good idea for you to give up smoking.

13. I am sure that she has gone home.

14. It isn’t right to speak to your mother like that.

15. It is not possible for me to come to the party tonight.

16. He is obliged to go to the police station twice a week.

17. It is not possible that you have spent all the money.

Additional Grammar

1. Complete the following sentences using modal auxiliary verbs.

1. You …go out and play if you have finished your homework.

a) may

b) can

c) either could be used here

2. …I come in, sir?

a) may

b) can

c) either could be used here

3. … I ask you something?

a) can

b) may

c) either could be used here

4. Peter … watch TV yesterday because he hadn’t finished his homework.

a) couldn’t

b) might not

c) either could be used here

5. … you put the children to bed?

a) can

b) may

c) either could be used here

6. You … ask before you borrow my car.

a) could

b) might

c) either could be used here

7. When we were kids, we …watch TV whenever we wanted to.

a) could

b) might

c) either could be used here

8. We … go camping this summer.

a) may

b) might

c) Either could be used here

9. … you put the heating on?

a) may

b) can

c) either could be used here

10. … you come to a party on Saturday?

a) can

b) may

c) either could be used here

2. Put the modal verbs in the gaps and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Bob has got two books so he … read any of them.

2. When I first went to Spain I … read Spanish but I …. speak it.

3. You … be here by 9.00 if you want to get tickets.

4. You … not walk on the grass.

5. I stepped aside so that she … go in.

6. The news … be true! Idon’tbelieveyou.

7. The bus came on time so we … wait long at the bus stop.

8. Once or twice we lost our way and … ask a policeman for directions.

3. Add the short form construction using the words and neither to each of the following negative statements. Use the subjects shown in brackets.

For example:  He is not angry. (we)

 He is not angry, and neither are we.

 1. You haven't finished supper. (she)

 2. He couldn't tell the time. (they)

 3. She is not planning to go. (we)

 4. We didn't wait long. (he)

 5. He has not been feeling well. (I)

 6. She cannot run fast. (they)

 7. We do not own a canary. (he)

 8. You won't be needing an umbrella. (we)

Additional Grammar