Current status of English as the multinational

Modern British language , first, heterogeneous, and secondly, far from the classic English that existed three centuries ago . Inside the British variant are three types of language : English conservative (conservative - the language of the royal family and parliament ) adopted the standard (received pronunciation, RP - language media , it is also called BBC English) and advanced English (advanced - the language of the youth) . The latter type - the most mobile , that he actively incorporates elements of other languages ​​and cultures. Advanced English is most susceptible to the general tendency to simplify the language. Changes occur primarily in the lexicon , one of the most mobile parts of the language : there are new phenomena that should be called , and the old acquire new titles. New vocabulary comes to British youth language and other variants of English , particularly American .

Language educated population of London and south-east England, eventually acquired the status of a national standard (RP). Its foundation is the " proper English " ( Arakin , 2001:133 ) - the language best private schools (Eton, Winchester, Harrow, Rugby) and universities (Oxford, Cambridge). This is the classic, literary English , which is the base of any course in English language schools for foreigners.

Canadian , Australian and New Zealand versions of English , is probably closest to the classic British . Due to geographic isolation , these countries have not experienced the strong influence of other languages ​​and cultures. In the formation of American English took part in almost all the inhabitants of Europe , while Australia, New Zealand , Canada, South Africa, inhabited mainly British. That's where the English and kept more or less classical guise. The differences are mainly in phonetics again - in particular , in the melody . It is more even , "neutral" pronunciation , replacing "difficult" sounds easier , for example, in the words of interdental that, think ordinary. Irish, moreover, do not save the sounds between the consonants , add neutral : for example , film sounds like " filem " . "Irish English more music , melodic - that comes from the Celtic , for typical Australian slower rhythm and intonation scale flat " ( Kretinina , 2003:24 ) .

But America has created almost a new language : changes affected not only phonetics and vocabulary , but also the most stable part of the language - grammar. It is therefore quite natural that debates are mainly around two versions of English - British and American .

Unlike the British version of American English is more flexible , open to change and easy to understand. In particular , so he got more popular in the world. It is the language of the new generation without a certain nationality and place of residence, brought up on popular culture . English language of today's youth are more or less shared by a common culture, rock music , dense communication and the ideals and idols , which, since Elvis Presley, still a common spiritual food.

Chapter II. Basic options of English

British English

English - the official language of the UK, it knows and it said the vast majority of Britons , but in the northern and central parts of Wales a quarter of the population speaks Welsh or Welsh (Welsh), in the west of Scotland a small part of the population speaks Scotland (Scottish) or Gaelic language , and in Northern Ireland also speak the Irish language (Irish or Erse). Ireland is divided into two parts. Six counties of Ireland are part of the UK under the name Northern Ireland (The Northern Ireland). And in the Republic of Ireland - Irish (Erse) is the official language of the country. In the Highlands (Highlands) and the Western or Hebrides (Western Isles) can still hear the ancient Scottish language - Gaelic (Gaelic). In the north- western district of Scotland longer dominated Gaelic language and Gaelic culture . The ethnic composition of the UK : British - 81.5% , the Scots - 9.6% , Irish - 2.4% , Welsh ( Welsh ) - 1.9 %, other nationalities - 4.6%.

English is spoken in each of the four parts of the UK ( England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales ) , has its own differences. English is spoken by the Scots , Welsh ( Welsh ) , Irish, differs slightly in pronunciation and word usage of the English language in England.

The main difference between speech Scot - very strong, rumbling sound [r], sometimes sounding and where it is not pronounced the residents of southern England . In addition, Scottish, Welsh , Irish use in speech many regional words and expressions. In order to convey particular speech Scot in the literature are often used such words and phrases as aye instead of yes, wee instead of little, I dinna ken instead I don't know, mon instead of man, laddie instead boy, lassie instead girl, bairns instead of children, ye instead of you. Dialectal speech Scot may be obscure and an Englishman - a resident of the southern part of England.

It differs Welsh and Irish rhythmic and melodic intonation , so , for example, declarative sentence may be perceived as an Irishman interrogative Englishman . Features speech transmitted Welsh words and phrases such as boyo instead of man, look you instead do you see, there is cold it is in place it is cold. This Irishman marked by expressions such as begorra instead by god, would you be after wanting for instead and do you want to repeat the last phrase , for example , at all, at all.

The emphasis is very important in the UK. It shows where the person comes from , and to a very considerable extent to which class he belongs. In any country except the United Kingdom , it is impossible with such certainty the person's social position in society, should he open his mouth. That , in what dialect says people in the UK , determines its place in society , perhaps more severely than in other countries ( Koptelova , 2000:32 ) .

In the UK, relationship to regional and social peculiarities of speech, dialect and accent to the speech associated with certain preconceived attitudes , for example, between the north and south of the UK. Standard English and RP ( considered to be the standard form of pronunciation, is typical of many educated people in any part of the UK and the majority of residents in the south of England ) were formed on the basis of the southern dialect , dialect of London and its environs, first capital of the country and its cultural center. " Everything that belongs to the north of the country , some of the" southerners " considered less sophisticated, cultured, sophisticated , and people who speak with an accent northerners , are seen as less educated " ( Matyushenkov , 2002:214 ) . The stronger emphasis , the more prejudice against a person who speaks with the accent, especially if the accent is so strong, " thick " , "strong " ( Antrushina , 1999:234 ) , it is difficult to understand that not only foreigners, but the Briton , speaking in standard English .

In the UK, many regional dialects. Own dialect is not only in every county in the UK , but also in many major cities . It is believed that regional dialects are disappearing , but if rural dialects UK really die , then on urban dialects says more and more people , they can often be heard on the radio and on the TV screen . The most pronounced and easily recognizable urban dialects : it London dialects (especially Cockney - a dialect of the eastern part of the city), Liverpudlian dialect , the dialect Georgie north-east of England , which is spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne , Birmingham dialect spoken in Birmingham, dubbed Brummie.

In the north of the UK - approximately along the line from Manchester to Hala - regional dialects are most pronounced . Thanks to the famous song of the musical group " The Beatles' Liverpool accent (Scouse) became known outside the British Isles . This dialect can be found on clear pronounceable (flat) vowel sounds , the nose ( nasal ) consonant sounds and " plaintive " intonation ( Arakin , 2001:305 ) . Georgie dialect differs vague , indistinct pronunciation, for example, instead of what a sound worra, but instead got a sound gorra.

These inhabitants southwest Britain (West Country), especially the counties of Cornwall, Devon , Somerset and Dorset , different pronunciation velar sound [r], pronounced burr and voicing the sound [s], replacing it with the sound [z] Somerset pronounce Zummerset. Sound [Λ] is pronounced as [u], and the word club, discussion, plug sound like [klub], [dis'ku ∫ n], [plug]. The region is characterized by dialect grammatical forms , for example : I be instead I am, her says to we instead she said to us.

Regional dialects hierarchically arranged in descending order according to the degree of admissibility : the most acceptable Yorkshire dialect speech residents southwest of Britain , especially Cornwall, Devon , Somerset, and the dialect of Newcastle (Georgie). Least acceptable social dialects of the working class five industrial cities in the UK - London ( cockney ) , Liverpool ( skauz ) , Birmingham ( Brumm ) , a dialect of Glasgow and Belfast. And today, people who speak these dialects with their inherent characteristics, perceived as manual workers ( Ilish , 1971:163 ) .

American English

In the U.S., English is the main language , it is being outsourcing, it is taught in schools , but the law on the state language in the U.S. yet. English actually plays the role of the state language of the country and its study is included in the school curriculum .

In the recent past , Americans liked to compare their country with the " melting pot " (melting pot), ie, a place where there is a mixture of people of different races and nationalities , thus emphasizing the unity of the nation . Today, American society often compared with " salad bowl " (salad bowl), emphasizing the preservation of the identity of each ethnic group . Sometimes American society compared with " pizza " (pizza), ingredients which partially penetrated each other . It emphasizes the partial interpenetration of national cultures " (Evdokimov , 2000:33 ) .

American English or American English differs considerably from British English . American English is often called simplistic. Obviously , it is quite accurate and their characteristics. Simple, often poorly educated or illiterate people from different countries , who arrived in the New World in search of happiness , needed a simple and affordable way to communicate. " American English formed on the basis of spoken English traders, the emerging bourgeoisie " ( Schweitzer 1995:13 ) . But as you know , not only mastered the British and Irish America. There an influx of people from all over Europe : French, Spanish , Scandinavians, Germans , Slavs, Italians . The new nation needed a unifying element that could overcome national differences. This element became transformed English. He was bound to be easier in the letter , pronunciation, grammar. And inevitably absorb elements of other languages. Unlike British English , American version is more flexible , open to change and easy to understand.

Consider the basic differences between the options , as well as what the main regional and social dialects exist in American English today.

In British English , there are many models of intonation , unlike the American version , where there is almost the same: smooth scale and falling tone . This model defines the intonation and the whole structure of American sound . In British English a lot of descending and ascending , gears and sliding scales . The same applies to tones .

In unstressed syllables in American English suffix -our often replaced -or: color, labor, flavor, humor, parlor. Closing -re replaced -er: center, meter, liter, theater.

In American English, there is some simplification of writing , the loss of double consonants , such as a traveler, traveling, programming. In American English spelling sheck accepted and not cheque, tire, and not tyre, woolen, instead of woolen; combination of letters ct replaced by x, for example , connexion (connection), the word kerb write as curb, grey as gray. These and other spelling words that are considered the norm in American English , British English is considered an error . Some features of the spelling adopted in the United States are also accepted in British English . Permissible, for example, replacing the suffix -ise to -ize in American English : advertize, realize and writing last verb forms ending in -ed instead of -t, for example , learnt - learned, dreamt - dreamed.

In British English words ending in -se and -ce, show the following pattern : verbs ending in -se, and nouns on -ce - license - license , licence - License . In American English all homonymous verb-noun pairs are spelled the same on -se: pretense, practise, devise, advise.

There are numerous differences in grammatical forms and rules and idioms , for example, in American English uses the old form of the past participle get, so the verb form to get in British English get - got - got, and in American English get - got - gotten. For example : I've gotten 16 Christmas cards so far. In some cases, instead of the perfect American English forms used simple past tense : in British English with yet, already should be used perfect : Has he arrived yet?, And in American English may use The perfect and simple past tense : Did he arrive yet? - Both options are correct.

Somewhat differently than in British English , used prepositions and articles . In some cases, American English prepositions and articles are missing , where they are commonly used in British English, and vice versa. So , Americans usually say:

We work nine through five (Am) - We work nine till / to five (Br);

It's a quarter of five (Am) - It's (a) quarter to five (Br);

It's twenty after five (Am) - It's twenty past five (Br);

in school, in hotel (Am) - at school, at hotel (Br);

in weeks (Am) - for weeks (Br);

in ages (Am) - for ages (Br);

different to (Am) - different from (Br);

on the street (Am) - in the street (Br);

He's in the hospital (Am) - He's in hospital (Br).

There are some differences in the pronunciation American English . One of the most prominent differences between American English - pronunciation of [r] in words such as port, more, dinner, while the sound does not pronounce in British English ( but his utter Scots ) . We can say that the sound [r] to pronounce in any position. Sound [t] becomes voiced often in a position between two vowels and is pronounced as [d]: latter is pronounced ladder. Vowel [æ], rather than [α:] to pronounce words like path; sounds [o] and [o:] even less pronounced with rounded lips and with a clear touch of [α:], cot and caught the words sound like [kα: t]; [u] how to go [gu] pronounce more rounded than in the UK , the word is pronounced tune [tu: n], and not [tju: n]. Many Americans pronounce words and hath path with a short vowel sound [Λ] as opposed to the long sound [α:] in the British version . In American English , there is a clear trend towards the utterance of separate syllables in words such as voluntarily, while the British " swallow " syllables in these words ( Crystal , 2001:132 ) . Some of the words are pronounced in American English with a different accent than in British English.

In the American version are marked and some lexical features .So , Americans use sidewalk instead of pavement, elevator instead of lift, flat instead of puncture, icing instead of frosting. A number of words and expressions are pure Americanisms : highway, mail, movie, truck, gas and many others.

Usually in American English are three major regional dialects: the dialect of New England , southern dialect and General American ( common dialect of American English ) or Midwest dialect. Each of them in turn subdivided into several subdialektov( Evdokimov , 2000:221 ) .

New England dialect different characteristic twang and retains some features of British English , for example, a long vowel [α:] in words like bath, and no sound [r] in words such as port. Particularly pronounced features of this dialect among residents of New York and Boston ; [ai] is pronounced as [oi] - [taid] → [toid], [au] as [ai], [ei] - [haus] → [heis, hais ] use [s], rather than [z], in such words as greasy. Differences in the pronunciation of the consonants are not only regional, but social and human speech , pronouncing , for example , dese, dem , instead of these, them; baf instead bath; takin instead of taking, it is perceived as uneducated , narrow-minded people. Residents of rural New England added sounds in words , for example , the word idea pronounced with [r] in word idear, and the word Boston sounds like they Bahstun.

Midlendsky dialect is characterized by mixing [o] and [a] in such pairs of words as hawk and hock. This dialect dialect continues to be less marked than with the traditional dialects of northern and southern regions .

The most intense and characteristic - southern dialect , especially California . It is the quintessence of what is called an American accent : " rekane " ( Schweitzer 1995:31 ) , voicing of consonants , vowels shortening . So better word becomes " Bader " . Closer to the classic British English - northern dialect , the language of the east coast of New England, where at one time the first settlers arrived from Britain.

It is believed that the southern dialect combines the features of speech of the first British settlers and black slaves . English differs southern U.S. drawl : Southerners extend the last sound of each word . Southern dialect quite musical ; Southerners used in speech a number unique to their expressions , for example , Sho, 'nuff (Sure enough). They use a form you all instead of the second -person plural pronouns face you, as well as a form of treatment to two or more persons or a person representing the family , organization , etc. Characteristic expression - Howdy, y'all instead Hello, everybody. Southern dialects differ in that [ai] is pronounced as [α:] - [taim] → [tα: m], [oi] as [o:] - [boil] → [bo: l], no distinction [i] and [e], for example , pin and pen are pronounced as [pin], instead of the interdental sounds pronounce [d]. Southerners themselves today are proud of their unusual accent as a sign of unique regional identity and cultural heritage.

There are grammatical differences between dialects , which , inter alia , include the use of the form dove in the past tense of the verb dive in the northern dialect and the prefix a- in a-fighting in an isolated area of the Appalachian Mountains . In some areas of the South, the U.S. does not use the plural ending -s with nouns denoting weight and measure , for example , four mile. Especially numerous differences in discourse - lexical dialectal differences . Virtually every area used Localism - lexical items specific to speech residents of the area. Traditional lexical units , characterizing it northerners include pail instead of bucket ( bucket ) and eaves through instead of gutter ( gutter ) .

American English version , the closest to the standard American version - a " common dialect of American English " or Midwestern dialect (Midwestern American) - General American English is most similar to the standard form , it can be heard on national television , it is spoken in most northern states , and in general, it uses a significant number of the population. Common dialect has a very small regional features, includes all features of speech areas of the U.S. , except for the southern , eastern dialect of New England and New York dialect.

Regional dialects have some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation vary considerably , but usually Americans from different parts of the country have no difficulties in understanding each other.

Canadian English

Canadians insist that their version of the English language is very clear differences from the American and British versions of English , and indeed it is .

Canadians use in speech some British expressions and words that Americans do not consume . They called gum a rubber band (AmE - elastic); sofa a chesterfield (AmE - sofa, couch); sneakers runners (AmE - sneakers, tennis shoes); cash a cash register (AmE - a till).

In the U.S. treatment " Madame " (ma'am) and " Sir " (sir) - is the usual polite form of address . In Canada , if they would go to the woman , " Madame ," she usually answer that is not old enough for such treatment.

The formation of the Canadian version of the English language at an early stage of its development was influenced by French, American Indian languages ​​. In this way, hit the Canadian English words esquimaux, canoe, caribou. Many words entered the Canadian version of the lexicon of fur traders and pioneers of the country.

It is believed that the Canadian version of the English language is more similar to American English than to the version of English spoken in England and other parts of the United Kingdom.

Among the national varieties of English can distinguish certain North American linguistic unity , having a large common and not so much pronounced splits into American and Canadian versions of English, as collectively different from other options.

People living in other parts of the world , is often seen as an American Canadian English . Many Britons perceive as American Canadian accent . At the same time, the Americans usually distinguish speech Canadians accent reminiscent of the British . When, for example , the Canadian says "out and about" [aut und ubaut], it may sound like "oot and aboot" [u: t end ebu: t].

American readers of Canadian texts draw attention to the fact that in so many words , where in American English after the "o" is missing the letter "u" (color, flavor, humor, neighbor), Canadian English , it is written: solour , flavour, humour and neighbour ( as in British English) .

The standard Canadian English writing can detect the characteristic features of both British and American spelling. Most Canadian writes colour, not color, cheque, not check, and centre, instead center, but at the same time they are written specialize, instead specialise, draft, and not draught, and the tire, and not tyre.

It differs significantly from the Canadian speech on American accent in words and divide into syllables : so Canadians pronounced PRO-gress, and not prog-RESS, the word rhymes with route out, rather than root, etc. Canadians are famous for that often pronounced eh ( e ) . This eh they say at the end of statement or question , such as : Hot enough for you, eh?

Sometimes voiced assertion that the Canadian version of the English language is quite homogenous and within it there is no dialectal differences. In reality it is not. To indicate the dialect closest to the standard version of the English language, often used the name of the General Canadian ( Canadian version of the common English language) . Certainly dialects exist in Canada , much more uniform than, for example , in the UK. There is a Canadian version , which is spoken by educated people of the country and which can be heard on radio and television in all parts of Canada . At the same time , there are several dialects , slightly different from each other grammatical features, but differ markedly in word usage .

So , Canadian English dialect in the Atlantic provinces is very similar dialects fishermen in Scotland and Ireland . Dialect spoken in Newfoundland , or " Island " (Island), as it is sometimes called , is difficult to understand, even for themselves Canadians from other provinces . This dialect is sometimes called the " nasal dialect Newfies " (Newfy twang) ( Ilish , 1971:153 ) , its characteristics and traits of people living in these places , Canadians ridiculed in jokes and anecdotes . It has a lot of localism , is used to describe the weather and related fishing : so they called an ordinary storm tempest ( storm ), as a powerful storm called trap smasher ( literally " Destroyer snares " ) . In these places, there are local products and dishes with corresponding names : grunt ( pudding , steamed ); snits ( dried apple slices ); larrigan ( type of shoe ); water horse ( salted cod ) .

Dialect of English spoken in the province of Quebec , especially the influence of the French language is different , for example , caleche ( the name of one of the types of carts pulled by horses ), double window or storm window ( frame with double glazing, usually take out ), whisky blanc ( alcoholic beverage ), professor ( in the sense of " school teacher " ) . Number of words of French origin in English Quebec differs from area to area .

Ottawa River Valley - the area west of Ottawa along the Ottawa River in Ontario is known that historically here selilos many immigrants from Scotland and Ireland. Some features of the dialect spoken here , explains this circumstance. This dialect is perceived by residents of other regions of Canada as a country . Mind the word used to mean " remember ", house ( the verb " to place , to lodge " and the noun " house" ) sounds like [heis], in other parts of Canada so only pronounce the noun .

Southern Ontario region of the country , formerly known as Upper Canada , located along the northern shore of the Great Lakes - is currently the most densely populated part of the country. The significant role of this area in the early development of Canada led to the emergence of a kind of political and cultural terms , and later became more widespread in other parts of the country , among them : reeve, riding, continuation school ("secondary school") and concession (an area of surveyed land). The area developed a fairly pronounced urban dialect. Local words eaves trough (roof gutter - roof gutter ) and dew worn (earthworn - earthworm ) .

In prairie areas in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba due to good communication , especially rail, developed fairly homogeneous dialect. Such branches of the economy as growing and processing grain , livestock , oil industry , have their own vocabulary , lexical units comprising such as Dry Belt ( arid southern region ), stampede ( rodeo ) and oil borer (oil driller - oil driller ) . Include generic word such as nuisance grounds (rubbish dump - dump garbage ), bluff (a clump of trees - grove of trees) and chuck ( food). Borrowing from local languages ​​include words such as kinnikinik( mixture of smoking ) and Saskatoon ( kind of shrub ) .

On the Arctic north, covering the territory Yukon, eastern territories , northern Quebec , Labrador , common borrowing from the language of the Inuit , such as kabloona ( white man ), basket sled ( sledge view , slides ), fan hitch ( dog sleds ), angakok ( shaman ), tupik ( a form of tent ) and chimo ( toast) . Many of these loans went into standard English , for example , igloo ( igloo dwelling Inuit ) . The fur trade , one of the most important sectors of the economy , also brought their words and expressions, such as , factory ( factory , post fur trade ), a factor ( the senior officer of the post - a senior officer).

West Country - British Columbia in Vancouver, the center - is separated from the rest of the Canadian Rocky Mountains , which contributed to a relatively high migration along the Pacific coast . As a result, part of the territory , and in particular Vancouver, experiencing a significant American influence . Feels and influence of indigenous languages ​​, for example ,keekwillee-house ( type dugout ), salt chuck ( ocean ), kokane (land-locked salmon). Developed the terminology associated with the local branches of the economy , namely extractive industries, forestry (logging, rigging, yarding, caulk, boom chains, jackladder). Many of these words are included in the standard English.

So the Canadian version of the English language evolved under the influence of American English - on the one hand , and the British version - on the other. Therefore, Canadian English bears the fingerprints of both languages ​​, in some cases - the British , in some - American .

Australian English

Australia - one of the countries in which national identity has evolved through the equality of cultures and languages ​​of its peoples .

Australian English (Australian English) is a linguistic identity marker Australia and its liberation from British colonialism . In addition, Australian English allows holders of different languages ​​to communicate and interact in the Australian community , making it a model of communication adopted in their first languages ​​and cultures .

Australians are very proud of their English language option ." If England are several different accents , we have only two - city and Crocodile Dundee " - they are joking . But it is necessary to pass through different Australian cities, as it turns out , it was a joke is far from the truth. For example, a resident of Brisbane can understand only if he will speak twice slower than usual , and the residents of Adelaide speak so slowly that they can understand even a novice to learn the language . Undoubtedly , a variety of dialects and their severity in Australia are not as bright and clear as in the UK, although the area of ​​Australia is 30 times more than the UK. In dialects expressed no grammatical differences , and differences in word usage are not so great : so buggy called "stroller" in the state of New South Wales and South Australia's pusher . Pretty hard to judge from what is the area or that person by the way he says ( although some localism , words and expressions can sometimes indicate where the person comes from .)

Decided to allocate on the basis of phonological features three varieties of Australian English : cultivated ( cultivated dialect , which is spoken by about 10 % of the population , it still has a huge impact RP), General ( common dialect spoken by the majority of the population ) and the Broad ( " a " dialect uneducated part of the population with severe deviations from standard English in phonetics , the vocabulary and grammar ) . As in other languages ​​plyuritsentricheskih , features standardized options used by people with higher socio -economic and educational status , are basically the same and can be observed in any region of the country ( Kretinina , 1995:31 ) . Thus, the " cultured " Australian English closest to the British variant , and "wide " Australian differs most from it.

It some people speaking Cultivated Australian, it is perceived as imitating the educated population of the southern areas of the UK . In its extreme form this dialect is perceived speak other dialects as " artificial ," unnatural , cutesy ( Arakin , 2001:302 ) .

"Wide " dialect - is the opposite extreme , it says in Australia about 30 % of the population , and that it is perceived as Australian twang (" nasal Australian accent " ) ( Koptelova , 2000:36 ) . This emphasis sounds from the mouth of heroes such actors as Paul Hogan ( " Crocodile Dundee " ) and Barry Humphries , depicting typical Australians wilderness , men of the people , uneducated and rude .

At the general dialect , combines group dialects without sharply defined features , says the majority of the population.

Some scholars have identified a " modified varieties of Australian English " ( Goldenkov , 2000:97 ) . It is defined in the dictionary of Australian English Makkvori as " a pronunciation in Australian English, in which Australians seek to imitate speech of British high society and which is seen as melodramatic and unacceptable ."

" An increasing number of people are " average " Australian English varieties , and fewer people are " cultured "and" wide "variety " ( Crystal 2001:65 ) . " Cultured " species associated with British colonial tradition , and " broad " is identified with the old myth that real Aussie living close to nature , and Australia - a country of wide open spaces , despite the fact that it is the most urbanized country in the world ( Kretinina , 2002:62 ) . It is believed , however, that the rural form of " broad" Australian English (Rural Australian English) " wider " than the city (Urban Australian English). Than " broader " variety , the more it deviates from the standard ( Koptelova , 2000:61 ) .

Differs significantly from the Australian standard speech of people for whom English is not a native , sometimes it is perceived as foreign or "too British" ( Kretinina , 2003:61 ) .

Despite the fact that cultural diversity does not destroy the unity of Australian English , there is an increasing existence expressed ethnolect used by generations of immigrants. Suspected source of origin of these ethnolect - this is English , characterized by features of pronunciation and grammar, typical of first-generation immigrants and second-generation immigrants used in communication between parents and children or parents and their parents.

Standard British English traditionally supported in Australia through a network of institutions of British origin . He supported the Church of England ( the second largest church after the Roman Catholic ) , the system of jurisprudence. This species studied English in the oldest elite universities and private schools ( enrollment of up to one third of all students ) , especially in schools connected with the British and other English-speaking Protestant churches . Until recently it has been used by public radio and television stations , radio and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation).

Most of his stories Australian English Australian elite considered as " bad English " : ugly , monotonous , lazy, sloppy and unpleasant ( Kretinina , 2003:60 ) .

Studies comparing treatment of the three varieties of Australian English pointed to improving relations Australian English . Some changed their preference for British English, Australian English . Others, especially older people , belonging to the middle class , are still evaluating RP higher than Australian English . Observed general improvement in relation to the "common " variety of Australian English and worsening relations to " cultured " variety , attitude to a "broad " Australian remains almost unchanged ( Kretinina , 2003:70 ) .

Differences appeared in the system name of the form associated with the category number . For example, in the British version of the word data - " data, information " has the plural as well as unique. There are also differences in the use of verbs shall - will, should - would, namely : shall remain in use only in the incentive and interrogative forms : Shall we go?, You shall do that! Would replaced should practically everywhere : I wouldn't be so sure of that; What for would I do that, Susie?

Obsolete forms in England whilst - amongst still in vogue in Australia along with similar to them, but more modern while - among. Around = round is used to mean " in a direction approximately in all the directions ." Australia may use both forms : disinterested / uninterested. As in Britain , different drink to / from.

In Australia, there are three varieties of pronunciation Great Australian (English), Broad Australian (English) and Cultural Australian (English). Below are the most common characteristics and are normative dialect Broad Australian (English).

Australian version of English is very diverse, and bears the features and the American and British variants . Moreover, the problem is complicated by the presence of three different types of peer pronunciation. Although in most cases this differentiation does not lead to a complication of the communicative process , and is the only criterion for determining social status.