IV. Прочтите, перепишите и переведите.

Computer machines

What is a computer? It is one of the most important developments of this century. Computers are used nowadays for many different kinds of work, e.g. in offices, banks, factories, hospitals, universities.

The electronic system of a computer is very complex. Its electronic brains produce information. It is a complex instrument made up of hundreds of electronic devices, miles of electronic wire.More than 100000 pieces of information can be stored in one machine, and when the operator wants answers, he asks the machine in a special language to process the information and to solve problems. How long did it take you to multiply the large numbers? In one third of a second a computer can multiply two 127-digit numbers. In one whole second, it can add 4000 five-digit numbers; in two seconds it can complete 320 long-division problems. The same machine does the work of thousands of trained mathematicians in any given time, and without the mistakes that human beings usually make. The machine can show its answers on a screen, can print them on paper or store them. It can give any answer or combination of possible answers.

The facts and figures processed by a computer are usually known as data. The data put into a computer, is input data. Input data is processed according to a set of instructions called a program. The results of processing are output data. Very often, the output data is new and useful information. "Information" here means output data useful for making decisions.

But only human beings think, give information to the machines. Machines work for us but do not think for us.

long-division - долгое деление

V. Ответьте на вопрос: How many pieces of information can be stored in one computer?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2     (Вариант 4) (“ABT”)

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Internet is becoming popular day by day.

2. Modems have opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

б) 1.The processor in a personal computer is often called a microprocessor.

2. A chip is manufactured from a silicon (or, in some special cases, a sapphire) wafer.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly.

2. Electronic brains called digital computer produce information.

3. A radiophoto is a photograph transmitted by radio to a facsimile receiver.

4. Multiplier is a receiver used to increase the voltage.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The cathode may be directly heated and indirectly heated.

2. You must learn the laws of cybernetics.

3. He had to check the reliability of calculations.

4. You must follow the sequence of operations.

IV. Прочтите, перепишите и переведите.

Computers and cybernetics

The computers or high-speed electronic machines of today have created entirely new technical possibilities in automatic control of industrial processes. First they were designed for solving mathematical problems, but later they began to be used in a new field of science - cybernetics - that studies general principles of control both in life and non-live systems. Cybernetics is important in the sphere of engineering sciences. A newly developed field of knowledge is technical cybernetics. It controls automatic industrial processes, studies problems of transmission of information and develops new principles of automatic control.

One of the main problems of technical cybernetics is the development of control algorithms. Worked out algorithms for employment in control machines are called programs.

Two systems of computers are now created for control computer design. One of these is the development of general-purpose control machines which may have wider application, but require greater number of instructions and commands given to a computer. This can help to control many industrial units with the help of one and the same computer. The second system uses modern microcomputer techniques to develop special-purpose machines to control particular process, that is why engineers create new types of computers. Tests of some control computers show that they are reliable and efficient.

In our country both systems of control are applied. Electronic digital computers perform arithmetical and logical operations, it allows control processes under complicated conditions.

V. Ответьте на вопрос: How many systems of computer are now created?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2     (Вариант 5) (“ABT”)

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The engineers have solved a complicated task.

2. With the help of computers engineers are designing a new type of the program.

б) 1. A chip is also sometimes called an IC or integrated circuit.

2. The triode was discovered by Dr. Lee De Forest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When your computer is in normal operation, its memory usually contains the main parts of the operating system and some application programs and related data.

2. A group of 8 bits is known as a byte.

3. The data were received by the on-board computing device..

4. Improved communications make it possible to use different systems.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The students must record all the programs on the computer.

2. The professor can tell about the intensive development of radio-location.

3. General-purpose control machines may have wide application.

4. An electron tube can also be called a vacuum valve.  

IV. Прочтите, перепишите и переведите.

Parts of a computer system

In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in our environment, computer systems may be discussed in two parts.

The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as "computers". The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices. The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out instructions in the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. By using a keyboard, a user can enter data directly into the computer system. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by input device called a card reader. Data is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc.

The second part of software - the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

For the computer system to operate, computer programs are required. A computer program is a set of instructions for the CPU. these instructions tell the CPU where to find the input data in the system. The CPU is also instructed how to process the data and where to put the results. Programs are not hardware, as they have no electrical or mechanical components. They can be easily changed according to the needs of the user.

Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories - systems software and application software.