THE THREE SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

1. An economic sector is a certain type of business activity within an economy. There are different ways of dividing the sectors of the economy, but one common method is called the "three-sector hypothesis," which divides major economic activity into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

2. The primary sector includes obtaining and refining raw materials such as wood, steel, and coal. Workers in this sector include loggers, steelworkers, and coalminers. All types of natural resources industries such as fishing, farming, forestry and mining are a part of this group.

3. The secondary economic sector deals with the processing of raw materials into finished goods. Builders and potters are examples of workers in this sector; lumber from trees is made into homes and clay from the earth is made into pottery. Brewing, engineering, and all types of processing plants are part of this category.

4. The tertiary sector has to do with services to businesses and consumers. Dry cleaners, real estate agents, and loan officers fall into this category of workers. Transportation, banking, tourism, and retail stores are also part of the sector.

5. The movement of goods and services through the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors is referred to as the chain of production. For example, trees are sourced (primary), then the pulp is processed to create paper (secondary), and then the finished product is sold in stores (tertiary). Some people consider government and education to be solely part of the tertiary sector, while others add additional sectors – the quaternary and the quinary – to the three main sectors.

6. The quaternary sector is said to be that of intellectual organization in a society such as government, research, cultural programs, information technology (IT), education, and libraries. The quinary sector is thought to be related to the quaternary sector, but includes only the senior management levels. Top management in non-profit organizations, media, arts, culture, higher education, science and technology, and government are all included in the quinary economic sector.

Вправа № 6

Дайте відповідь на запитання до тексту:

1. How can the notion of an economic sector be defined?

2. What is meant by the primary, secondary, tertiary sectors of economy?

3. What is implied by the quaternary sector of economy?

4. What are the examples of non-profit organizations? Which sector of economy do they belong to?

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ №4.

Для того, щоб правильно виконати завдання, необхідно засвоїти такі розділи курсу англійської мови за рекомендованим підручником:

1. Дієприкметник (Participle I, II). Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот.

2. Інфінітив, його функції у реченні. Складні форми інфінітиву (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Звороти, рівнозначні підрядним реченням: об’єктний інфінітивний зворот, суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот.

3. Умовні речення.

Використайте зразки виконання вправ.

ЗРАЗОК ВИКОНАННЯ ДО ВПРАВИ №1

ЗРАЗОК ВИКОНАННЯ ДО ВПРАВИ №2

ЗРАЗОК ВИКОНАННЯ ДО ВПРАВИ №3

ЗРАЗОК ВИКОНАННЯ ДО ВПРАВИ №4

ЗРАЗОК ВИКОНАННЯ ДО ВПРАВИ №5

Варіант 1

Вправа № 1

Знайдіть та підкресліть в реченнях Present Participle.

Перекладіть речення.

1. Being cold, James turned on the heater.

2. Having worked for several hours, we came out of the office.

3. Having been defeated by our army, the enemy forces retreated fast into their territory.

4. Having lost all his money in gambling, he became a pauper.

5. Mathew has a cousin teaching economics at university in Glasgow.

Вправа № 2

Знайдіть та підкресліть в реченнях Past Participle.

Перекладіть речення.

1. She is never satisfied with her work.

2. Prepared by the chef himself, the dinner will be a real treat.

3. He saw his bags put into the trunk of a large car.

4. An official public holiday in the UK when all banks and post offices are closed is called “a bank holiday”.

5. Given the activities of our competitors, I would recommend the project is adopted.

Вправа № 3

Знайдіть та підкресліть інфінітив в реченні. Перекладіть речення.

1. I can't afford to go on vacation right now. I've got too many expenses.

2. I hope to become an excellent lawyer one day.

3. He decided to study biology.

4. Franchiser is a large corporation that allows one or several entrepreneurs to use the corporate brand name.

5. To ensure the company’s long-term survival and prosperity, finance managers need to make decisions about the gearing of the company.

Вправа № 4

Знайдіть та підкресліть об’єктний або суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот в реченнях та перекладіть їх.

1. Some of the major investors wanted the bank to pay a higher interest rate.

2. He ordered the meeting to be cancelled because they hadn’t managed to find a proper place to meet.

3. The president is reported to be visiting the countries of Eastern Europe.

4. She is likely to succeed.

5. The bag is not likely to have been stolen.

Вправа № 5

Поставте дієслово в потрібній формі (Conditionals). Перекладіть речення.

1. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. If she (watch) any television at all, it (be) usually a documentary or a news program.

2. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know), I (make) you a vanilla birthday cake.

3. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) along the river to school.

4. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) the email for you yesterday.

5. If she had locked all the doors, the burglars have (not get) in.

Вправа № 6

Перепишіть та перекладіть письмово 1-3 абзаци тексту.

Пояснення до тексту:

IN BUSINESS, WHAT DO "GREEN SHOOTS" MEAN?

1.In economic terms, "green shoots" is a colloquial term that indicates a nation’s economy is beginning to enter a growth stage. Free market economies naturally work in cycles. Stages typically include growth, plateau, and contraction. During the contraction stage, economic transactions are typically fewer in number and dollar amount. Green shoots typically represent economic factors that indicate transactions are increasing and turning more positive, indicating a recovery is underway.

2. A number of economic factors can be seen as green shoots. Some of them include consumer confidence, employment, the housing market, and gross national product.

3. Consumer confidence is important because individuals typically play a large role in free market economies. Consumers who are wary about the economy will save money rather than spend it, causing the economy to spiral further into a recession. During a recession, lawmakers and business executives must find ways to improve consumer confidence in order to stimulate a weak economy.

4. Employment is another common green shoots indicator. Businesses that see signs that the economy is in recovery will begin to hire more workers.

5. Housing figures are also important green shoots. These numbers help countries determine the home sales, and whether consumers are confident enough to purchase homes. Because this is a durable good purchase, a consistent increase in home sales is an important figure in economic recovery.

6. Another potential green shoot is a rise in gross domestic product (GDP), which is the total of goods or services produced annually in a country. The GDP consists of three parts: consumption, investment, and government spending. The investment portion is based on the money spent by businesses to restock inventory and acquire equipment for new or existing facilities. When consumption increases, businesses then begin to increase these investments, signaling potential growth as consumers are looking to purchase more goods and services.

Вправа № 7

Дайте відповідь на запитання до тексту:

1. What does the term "green shoots" indicate?

2. What factors can be seen as green shoots?

3. What is the role of individuals in free market economies?

4. What parts does GNP consist of?

Варіант 2.

Вправа № 1

Знайдіть та підкресліть в реченнях Present Participle. Перекладіть речення.

1. Having worked in the company for many years, he knew everyone and everything.

2. Having forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night.

3. Not having received all the applications yet, I am not eager to hire anyone.

4. Having been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.

5. Not knowing his telephone, we sent a letter to him.

Вправа № 2

Знайдіть та підкресліть в реченнях Past Participle. Перекладіть речення.

1. Our work finished, we said good-bye and left.

2. Most of the suggestions made at the meeting were not very practical.

3. The photographs taken at the reception, were blurred.

4. Born into a rich family, she got everything she wished for.

5. I consider this matter closed.

Вправа № 3

Знайдіть та підкресліть інфінітив в реченні. Перекладіть речення.

1. Checking account is an account that allows you to make payments by check.

2. Hello. This is Li Wang here. I’d like to book a room from Tuesday till Sunday next week.

3. The owner of the company does not need to rely on his or her own funds.

4. This book is aimed at the people who need to communicate in English within the increasingly international world of business management.

5. Has anybody anything further to add?

Вправа № 4

Знайдіть та підкресліть об’єктний або суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот в реченнях та перекладіть їх.

1. I expect the company to pay 25 percent dividend.

2. Jennie is said to be a very smart and hard-working girl.

3. Philip was known to be a young man without money.

4. This abandoned house is supposed to have been a museum in the past.

5. Portable computers are said to be more comfortable in use than stationary.

Вправа № 5

Поставте дієслово в потрібній формі (Conditionals). Перекладіть речення.

1. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. When I (get) a letter, I usually (write) back immediately.

2. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if  I (know) what she bought you, I (not tell) you.

3. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.

4. If I (be) rich, I (buy) that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.

5. I (not finish) the work if you don't help me.

Вправа № 6

Перепишіть та перекладіть письмово 1-3 абзаци тексту.

Пояснення до тексту: