Translate the Participles constructions into English. 

Добавив антидетонационную смесь, фильтруя масло, клапаны смазанные спреем, увеличив потребление топлива, использовав очистители, остановив свистящий шум, повредив двигатель, используя дешевый бензин, смазав клапаны, усиливая трение, позволив легко завести двигатель, предотвратив повреждение подшипника, используя дизельное топливо для грузовиков и автобусов, загрязняя воздух продуктами сгорания, смазанные маслом, обеспечивая легкий запуск двигателя, повреждая двигатель, уменьшая трение, соединяя шестеренный насос со смазывающей системой двигателя, доставляя фильтрованное масло, смазывая эксцентриковую втулку

Finish the sentences.

What will happen if:

1. …. they don’t add antiknock compounds in diesel fuel?

2. …. Russian engineers use new alloys of steel and high strength plastic?

3. …. we don’t lubricate the moving parts?

4.   …. I buy diesel fuel?

5. …. the driver does not give the way to a passenger.

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

1. What fuel is considered the best for automobile operation?

2. What kind of fuel do many trucks and buses use?

3. What properties should a fuel for an automobile possess?

4. What are antiknock compounds used for?

5. What does an automobile need to avoid friction?

Ask the questions to the following sentences.

1. The most important requirements of a fuel for automobile use are proper volatility, sufficient antiknock quality and freedom from polluting by-products of combustion. (What?)

2. The volatility is reformulated seasonally by refiners so that sufficient gasoline vaporizes even in extreme cold weather, to permit easy engine starting. (How?)

3. All moving parts of an automobile require lubrication. (What?)

4. Oil spray also lubricates the cams and valve lifters. (What?)

5. Antiknock compounds were added to most gasoline. (Where?)

Use the verbs in brackets in the proper Active and Passive forms.

1. Specially formulated gasoline (to use) essentially the only fuel for automobile operation.

2. The volatility (to reformulate) seasonally by refiners so that sufficient gasoline vaporizes, even in extreme cold weather, to permit easy engine standing.

3. Antiknock compounds, principally tetraethyl lead, (to add) to most gasoline to prevent knocking,

4. Uncontrolled burning may (to damage) an engine or reduce its performance.

Smile

Juggler, driving to his next performance...

Juggler, driving to his next performance, was stopped by the police. 'What are those knives doing in your car?' asked the officer. 'I juggle them in my act.' Oh yeah?' says the cop. 'Let's see you do it.' So the juggler starts tossing and juggling the knives. A guy driving by sees this and says, 'Wow, am I glad I quit drinking. Look at the test they're making you do now!'

TEXT II

Cooling system

1. Vocabulary to be remembered:

Read and translate the text.

Cooling system

Cooling system apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic coupling or converter leaks under the pressure created. In an electric motor, overheating causes deterioration of the insulation. The pistons in an overheated internal-combustion engine may seize (stick) in the cylinders. Cooling systems are employed in automobiles, industrial plant machinery, nuclear reactors, and many other types of machinery.                                                                                                            

The cooling agents customarily employed are air and liquid (usually water), either alone or in combination. In some cases, direct contact with ambient air (free convection) may be sufficient; in other cases, it may be necessary to employed forced convection created either by a fan or by the natural motion of the hot body.

In a transmission, if the surface area of the housing (container) is sufficiently large compared with the power lost, or if the transmission is in a moving vehicle, no artificial cooling means may be necessary. To augment the cooling effect by increasing the surface area, the housing may be provided with thin metal fins. On some stationary mechanical transmissions, it may be necessary to circulate the lubricating oil through pipes surrounded by cold water or to use a fan to blow air through pipes surrounded by the oil in the reservoir. On many electric motors, cooling is provided by a fan that is attached to the rotating element and creates a current of air through the housing.

In an automobile, the motion of the vehicle provides sufficient forced-convection cooling for the transmission and the gears in the rear axle; in the engine, however, so much energy is released that except for some early models and certain small cars with low-powered engines, air cooling has not been employed. A typical automotive cooling system comprises (1) a series of channels cast into the engine block and cylinder head, surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating liquid to carry away heat; (2) a radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins to radiate heat rapidly, that receives and cools hot liquid from the engine; (3) a water pump, usually of the centrifugal type, to circulate the liquid through the system; (4) a thermostat to control temperature by varying the amount of liquid go in to the radiator; and (5) a fan to draw fresh air through the radiator.

To prevent freezing, an antifreeze solution is either added to or substituted for water. To raise the boiling point of the solution the cooling system is usually pressurized by means of a pressure cap on the radiator with valves that open outwardly at a prescribed pressure and inwardly to prevent a vacuum as the system cools.

Almost all automobiles employed liquid cooling systems for their engines.

For operation at temperatures below 32°F (0°C), it is necessary to prevent the coolant from freezing. This is usually done by adding some compound to depress the freezing point of the coolant. Alcohol formerly was commonly ' used, but is has a relatively low boiling point and evaporates quite easily, making it less desirable than organic compounds with a high boiling point, such as ethylene glycol. By varying the amount of additive, it is possible to protect against freezing of the coolant down to any minimum temperature normally encountered. Coolants contain corrosion inhibitors designed to make it necessary to drain and refill the cooling system only once a year.

Air-cooled cylinders operate at higher, more efficient temperatures, and air cooling offers the important advantage of eliminating not only freezing and boiling of the coolant at temperature extremes but also corrosion damage to the cooling system. Control of engine temperature is more difficult, however, and high-temperature-resistant ceramic parts are required when design operating temperatures are significantly increased.

3. Try to guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

cooling system, converter leaks the pressure created, overheating causes deterioration of the insulation, the cooling agents customarily employed are air and liquid, surrounding the combustion chambers, to circulate the liquid through the system, to control temperature, to draw fresh air through the radiator, to prevent freezing, is either added water, is pressurized by means of pressure cap, open outwardly, to prevent a vacuum, employed liquid cooling systems, to prevent the coolant from freezing, to depress the freezing point.