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Questions and practical tasks on the unit
1. What are the suprasegmental (or prosodic)properties of speech sounds and what are their significance? 2. What is tone language? Is English a tone language? What is the difference between tone and non-tone languages? Give examples. 3. What is intonation? What is the difference between terminaland non-terminal (intonation) contour? Exemplify your explanation. 4. What is stress? What are its symbols in transcriptions? Exemplify your explanations. 5. What is syllable? 6. How many factors does A.C. Gimson list to bring in the effect of prominence of syllables? 7. What is the definition of word-stress or accent given by an English linguist D. Crystal? 8. What is tonic component? What is its significance? Exemplify your answer? 9) What is the importance of qualitative and quantitative components of word stress? Exemplify your answer. 10) What is prominence? What is the difference between “stress” and prominence? What is the factor causing “prominence” in speech? 11. What is the significance of the placement of word stress? Exemplify your answer. 12. Stress in English words can be shifting. What is the significance of it? 13. How many degrees of stress are there in English? The scientists’ different approaches about the degrees of stress. 14. What are the characteristics of the English word stress on each of the Recessive, Rhythmical and Retentive tendencies? 15. What functions does word stress perform in a language? Lecture 9 The classification of functional phonetic styles
MODERN TENDENCIES IN BRITISH PRONUNCIATION The orthoepic norm of a language is the standard pronunciation adopted by native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking. It comprises the variants of pronunciation of vocabulary units and prosodic patterns which reflect the main tendencies in pronunciation that exist in the language. It is used by the most educated part of the population. Though attempts are generally made to preserve the norm as it is, new pronunciations which are in common use gradually become 'acceptable' and are included into the norm. On the other hand, some of the pronunciations, which had been acceptable, fall out of use, are labelled as 'old-fashioned' and are, consequently, excluded from the norm. It is generally considered that the orthoepic norm of British English is "Received Pronunciation" (RP). It was accepted as the phonetic norm of English about a century ago. It is mainly based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation, but it has developed its own features which have given it a non-regional character, i.e. there is no region in Britain to which it is native. RP is spoken all over Britain by a comparatively small number of English people (from 3 to 5 per cent) who have the most privileged education in the country - public school education, public schools being the best and most expensive fee-paying schools in the country. RP is not taught at these schools, "it is absorbed automatically by the pupils", as D. Jones, the author of Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary, puts it. As almost all the leading positions in the Cabinet, the armed forces, the judiciary are occupied by those who have had public school education, RP is actually a social standard pronunciation of English. It is often referred to as the 'prestige accent'. Though RP is carefully preserved by the public schools and the privileged class in England, the RP of today differs in some respects from the former refined RP used half a century ago. A. Gimson claims that the exclusive purity of the classic RP has been diluted, as some features of regional types of speech are "received" now, though some 50 years ago those features were considered to be regional, non-RP. |
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