Continued protection                             8. длительная защита

9. at the worst                                          9. что касается
10. make it   certain                                   10. по совету

Вариант 2.

I. Choose the sentences corresponding to the contents of the text:

1. a) The order of immunization must depend upon the disease
structure.

b) The order of immunization depends on the availability of vaccines.

2. a) Immunization is advised when the child is unhealthy,
b) Immunization is not advisable when the child is sick.

3. a) As a rule, there are no complications after Potio vaccination,
b) Polio vaccinations are usually accompanied by high temperature,

redness and swelling.

4. a) BCG vaccination always heals without any complications,
b) Sometimes BCG vaccination may result in enlargement of

glands in the axilla.

5. a) Nothing should be applied on the BCG vaccination site,
if there is discharge from it.

b) If the BCG vaccination site doesn't heal, apply some medicine or powder on it.

6. a) The discharging Smallpox vaccination site should be treated
with spirit and powder as often as possible.

b) When the smallpox vaccination site is discharging, it is necessary to apply some spirit two-three times a day and to clean it with cotton.

7. a) A small vesicle appears at the site of BCG injection
three weeks later.

b) Usually there is no reaction on the BCG vaccination site.

8. a) Vesicle is a small blister filled with opaque material.
b) Vesicle is a small blister filled with clear fluid.

9. a) Pertussis vaccination is not advisable after the age of six.
b) Whooping cough vaccination may be given at any age.

10. a) Typhoid vaccination as a routine is not advised, b) To
save the child from typhoid it is necessary to vaccinate him before
the onset of summer every year.

11. Find the argument from "B" for the statements from "A".

А                                               В

1. Rubella immunization should be done           1. If the child is incubating the protection,
in early childhood                                may not be complete.

2. Immunization may not provide 100% 2.  Being exposed to German measles, in
protection against diseases.               pregnancy the mother may transfer it to

her child.

3. The child was not immunized.     3. He had got Smallpox vaccination.

4. The infant developed a high tempera- 4. He had diarrhea,
ture.

5. The vaccinated site became red and 5. He had got DPT vaccination,
swollen.

6. Lymphatic glands in the axilla were 6. This was a result of the BCG
enlarged                                                    vaccination carried out.

III. Match English and Russian equivalents:

1. exposed                                                1. обычный, распространенный

2. ill                                                            2. беременная

3. common                                                3. врожденный

4. available                                                4. подвергнувшийся контакту

5. complete                                               5. неблагоприятный

6. successful                                             6. полный, завершенный

7. pregnant                                               7. имеющийся в   наличии, доступный

8. ordinary                                                8. обыкновенный, ординарный

9. congenital                      '                 9. слепой
10. blind                                                     10. успешный

Вариант 3

I. Qhoose the sentences corresponding to the contents of the
text:                                                     .

1. a) One can protect the infant against a number of infections
by immunization.

b) Immunization against every possible infection should be carried out within the first year of life.

2. a) Immunization should be done under medical advice if a
child is not healthy.

b) Immunization is never done if the child is not healthy.

3. a) As a rule, DPT can't give any complications.

b) With DPT the infant may have a high temperature.

4. a) There could be  no complications after a Smallpox
vaccination, b) There could be many complications after a Smallpox
vaccination if the vaccinated site is not cared for well.

5. a) The pustule after a Smallpox vaccination bursts on   the
7th day.

b) The pustule bursts on the 9th—10th day.

6. a) The Polio vaccine can be kept under different conditions
in various health centres.

b) The Polio vaccine can only be kept frozen.

7. a) Ice-cream can carry Typhoid bacilli and it is necessary
to protect children from Typhoid fever in summer.

b) Ice-cream must be prohibited from eating in summer.

8. a) A baby may be born with congenital abnormalities if his
mother has been exposed to Rubella in early pregnancy.

b) If a pregnant woman is exposed to Rubella, he is likely to become blind or crippled.

9. a) Many viruses may cause the pattern of the disease similar
to poliomyelitis but there is no vaccine against   them, b) Many
viruses cause various patterns of poliomyelitis, that is why there
is no vaccine against it.

10. a) On the first or second day after a BCG vaccination a
small vesicle appears at the site of injection.

b) A vesicle is formed at the vaccinated site about three weeks after a BCG vaccination.

11. Find the argument from "B" for the statements from "A".

А                                               в

1. The mother of the vaccinated child 1. The vaccination had been carried out
decides to see the doctor                   in a centre where the vaccine had not

been stored in a deep freeze.

2. A scar formed at the site of injection. 2. He had been given Polio vaccination.

3. The child was not advised DPT. 3. The enlarged glands of the axilla did

not resolve at the end of 6 weeks.

4 .The baby was not fed for half an 4. The girl was 7 years old
hour after his visit to the doctor.

5 The Polio vaccination proved ineffective. 5. The boy had been BCG immunized

three weeks before.

6. The Typhoid vaccination didn't work 6. The girl had been vaccinated in
in this child.                                         December, and exposed to the disease

in August.

III. Match the Russian and English equivalents:

1. come down                                          1. поражать

2. keep down                                         2. обеспечивать, снабжать

3. suggest                                                 3. развиваться

Develop                                                 4. снижать температуру

Need                                                      5. снижаться (о температуре)

Depend                                                  6. предлагать

Discharge                                              7. нуждаться

Provide                                                  S. выделяться

Carry                                                      9. зависеть

Affect                                                   10. нести, переносить

Самостоятельная работа с текстом Kawasaki Disease

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и выпишите все неизвестные слова.

Задание 2. Составьте 15 вопросов к основному содержанию текста.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы (письменно) и напишите тезисы к данной статье.

Kawasaki Disease

Description.Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syn­drome) is a children's illness characterized by fever, rash, swelling of the hands and feet, irritation and redness of the whites of the eyes, swollen lymph glands in the neck, and irritation and inflammation of the mouth, lips and throat. These immediate effects of Kawasaki disease are rarely serious: however, long-term heart complications result in some cases and can be seen as early as two weeks after onset of the disease.

Named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, a Japanese pediatrician, the disease has probably been in existence for a long time, but was not recognized as a separate entity until 1967. The incidence is higher in Japan than in any other country. In the United States it is more frequent among children of Asian-American background, but can occur in any racial or ethnic group. The disease is not common, and its incidence in the United States has not been determined. In recent years, it has tended to occur in localized outbreaks, most often in the late winter or spring, but is seen year-round. Kawasaki disease almost always affects children; most patients are under 5 years old, and the average age is about 2 years. Boys develop the illness almost twice as often as girls.

The heart may be affected in as many as one of five children who develop Kawasaki disease. Damage sometimes occurs to the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (the coronary arteries) and to the heart muscle itself. A weakening of a coronary artery can result in an enlargement or swelling of the blood vessel wall ( an aneurism). Infants less than 1 year old are usually the most seriously ill and are at greatest risk for heart involvement.

The acute phase of Kawasaki disease commonly lasts 10 to 14 days or more. Most children recover fully. The likelihood of developing coronary artery disease later in life is not known, and remains the subject of medical investigation.

Cause.The cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown. It does not appear to be hereditary or contagious. Because the illness frequently occurs in outbreaks, an infectious agent (such as a virus) is likely the cause. It is very rare for more than one child in a family to develop Kawasaki disease.

Signs and Symptoms.Fever and irritability are often the first indications of the disease. Fever ranged from moderate (101° to 103° F) to high (above 104° F). The lymph glands in the neck may become swollen. A rash usually appears on the back, chest, and abdomen early in the illness; in infants it may develop in the groin. In some cases, the rash may spread to the face. The rash appears as poorly defined spots of various sizes, often bright red. Fever continues to rise and fall, sometimes for as long as 3 weeks.Bloodshot eyes (conjunctivitis) may develop, and the eyes can become sensitive to light.

The child's tongue may be coated, slightly swollen, and resemble the surface of a strawberry, sometimes referred to as "strawberry tongue". The lips may become red, dry, and cracked; the inside of the mouth may turn darker red than usual.

The palms of the hands and soles of the feet often become red, and hands and feet may swell. Occasionally, a stiff neck will develop. Abdominal pain and diarrhea occur in some children.

When the fever subsides, the rash and swollen lymph glands usually disappear. The skin around the toenails and fingernails often peels painlessly, usually during the second or third week of illness. The skin on the hands or feet may peel in large pieces.

The knees, hips, and ankles may become swollen and painful. Occasionally, joint pain and swelling persist after other symptoms have disappeared, but permanent joint damage does not occur. Lines or ridges on fingernails and toenails, formed during the illness, may be seen for weeks or months.

Diagnosis.The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease cannot be made by a single laboratory test or combination of tests. Physicians make the diagnosis after carefully examining a child, observing signs and symptoms, and eliminating the possibility of other diseases that are similar. Blood tests are used to detect mild anemia, an elevated white blood cell count, and an elevated sedimentation rate, indicating inflammation. A sharp increase in the number of platelets, a major clotting element in blood, may also be found.

Urine tests may reveal the presence of protein (albumin) and white blood cells. An irregular heartbeat and evidence of heart muscle involvement can be detected by electrocardiogram (ECG). An echo-cardiogram (or echo) is used to look for possible damage to the heart or to the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. Other blood tests or diagnostic studies may be requested by the physician.

Complications.The possibility of heart and coronary artery involvement makes Kawasaki disease unpredictable, but these prob­lems usually are not serious and disappear with time. However, on occasion aneurisms of coronary or other arteries of the body can occur, and some may require medical or surgical treatment. Very rarely, complications may include heart attacks, which can be fatal.

Treatment.Kawasaki disease is frequently treated in the hospital, with a stay from a few days to a few weeks. Some children may receive care at home without hospitalization.

Since the cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, no specific medication is available. Aspirin is often used to reduce fever, rash, joint inflammation, and pain, and to prevent formation of blood clots. Recent studies from Japan arid the United States suggest that another medication, intravenous gamma globulin, may decrease the risk of developing heart disease when given early in the illness. A major goal of treatment both in the hospital and at home is to make a child as comfortable as possible while the illness runs its course.

If tests reveal an aneurysm or other heart or blood vessel abnormality, repeated echocardiograms or other tests may be necessary for several years following recovery from Kawasaki disease. Almost all children return to completely normal activity after the acute phase of the illness.

Prevention.There is no known prevention for Kawasaki disease. Approximately one child in a hundred may develop the disease a second time. Parents should know that nothing they could have done would have prevented the disease.

Лексический текст.

Вставьте пропущенные слова в тексте

KD (Kawasaki Disease)

Kawasaki disease is an 1... vasculitis of infants and children that results in coronary artery 2... in 15% to 25% of those

affected. 3... of KD with aspirin plus high 4... doses of y-globulin, instituted within the first 10 days of 5... reduces cardiovascular sequelae, 6... it is highly desirable to identify patients with KD early in the 7... of their illness. In the absence of a definitive laboratory test result, the diagnosis of KD is dependent on the 8... of clinical features that may be mimicked by other disease processes. Indeed, the differentiation of KD from other 9... and immunologic diseases constitutes a major challenge for the practi­tioner. The purpose of our study was 10... those diseases that most closely mimic KD in the United States and 11... the details of the history, 12... examination, and laboratory investigation that influenced 13... clinicians to exclude the diagnosis of KD. We also used this 14... to compare certain epidemiologic 15... of KD patients and of those patients referred for evaluation of possible KD in whom 16... diagnoses were established.

1. assessment     2. lesions              3. alternative          4. features

5. treatment          6. course               7. infectious          8. to examine

9. opportunity      10. experienced  11. acute                12. to determine

13. physical         14. illness           15. thus                 16. intravenous.

Самостоятельная работа З

Тезирование статьи

All About Aspirin

Modern medicine is devoting considerable time and money to the primary prevention of coronary artery disease — before it becomes a problem. But when primary prevention" fails, the next logical step is secondary prevention of recurrent heart attacks and death. For some people who fall into this category ... enter aspirin.

Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid — is one of the safest and least expensive medications available today. An early form of the drug, which was extracted from the bark of a willow tree, was first prescribed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates some 2300 years ago.

Over the years aspirin has probably been used more widely than any other medication for such problems as headaches, fever, and menstrual discomfort. Recently the United States Food and Drug Administration approved yet another use: Aspirin is now indicated for preventive treatment in some patients with cardio­vascular disease. Aspirin — in the dosages prescribed by your doctor — may be effective in preventing heart attacks and stroke.

Heart attacks are usually the result of impeded blood flow through the vessels that carry blood to the heart. One possible cause of this impeded flow is a blood clot created by the buildup of platelets — tiny blood components that play an important role during blood clotting.

As a rule, blood clot formation is a desirable condition. The formation of blood clots at the site of a wound is a normal — and necessary — response to injury. If your blood did not clot, you would bleed to death following the infliction of even a small wound. However, blood clotting within the circulating bloodstream— a process that is promoted by platelet aggregation or clumping — is undesirable. Such platelet activity can lead to the formation of those blood cells that are responsible for strokes, heart attacks, and other potentially fatal circulatory problems.

Why aspirin for heart attacks?The rationale for administering aspirin" to patients who are at high risk for heart attack is that some patients with CAD have greater-than-normal platelet activity. This increased platelet activity may result in an increase in the formation of blood clots in the circulation — and. thus increase blockage in the blood vessels.

How does aspirin do it?In 1971, Dr. John R. Vane—an English scientist who received the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this work — found that aspirin interferes with the production of certain pro-staglandins, chemicals that occur naturally in the body and that are involved in platelet clumping. This, in turn, inhibits the accumulation

of platelets within a blood vessel and reduces the platelets' tendency to adhere to the vessel walls. In patients with a tendency toward platelet aggregation, aspirin may prove life saving.

But remember — the general indications for aspirin that you will find listed on your aspirin bottle do not include prevention of cardiovascular disease. Taking aspirin for heart disease should be done only on the advice of your physician.

Самостоятельная работа 4

Ориентирование в тексте.

Укажите номера текстов, в которых содержатся ответы,

на вопросы.