VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на перевод причастия I,П,герундия.

ACCOUNTING

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks arid government.

Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.

One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms operating efficiency.

The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.

Active Vocabulary

accounting                                          бухгалтерский учет

record                                                документ, запись, протокол

to record                                             записывать, регистрировать

to measure                                          измерять

transaction                                          сделка, банковская операция

firm's financial condition                         финансовое положение фирмы

to provide data                                     обеспечивать данными

creditor                                              кредитор

independent                                        независимый

income statement                                  отчет о доходах

balance sheet                                       балансовый отчет

to receive                                            получать

to spend                                             тратить

ratio analysis                                       анализ коэффициентов

profitability                                         прибыльность

return on investment ratio                        коэффициент возвращения инвестиций

efficiency                                           эффективность, производительность

to evaluate                                          оценивать

value                                                 ценность, стоимость

ownership                                          собственность

overall financial structure                        полная финансовая структура

П. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту. 

1. What is the purpose of accounting?

2. Who uses the data provided by accounting firms?

3. What are the two types of records which most businesses prepare?

4. What can you know analyzing the income statement and balance sheet of a company?

5. What is the purpose of the ratio analysis?

III. Поставьте предложение в отрицательную форму. К выделенным словам
поставьте специальные вопросы.

1. I am able to prepare the contract in English.

2. He is allowed to smoke in this room.

3. Our company can easily enter the foreign market.

4. They have to transport their products by rail.

5. We had to use licensing because of counterfeiters.

6. The manager will be able to receive Mr. A. only in the afternoon.

7. You can sell these products in England.

IV. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую форму, переведите предложения

1. Не did not know that the boss (sign) the contract last week.

2. I am not sure, if I (leave) Liberia next week.

3. Did he say that he (write) a letter yesterday at five?

4. Wee decided that we (agree) to their proposals.

5. I heard that you (telephone) our partners in London next Monday.

V. Трансформируйте активный залог в пассивный. Переведите предложения.

1. We signed a contract in France last week.

2. We have obtained a license from IBM lately.

3. You must present these drafts not later than March 25.

4. The Board of Directors will discuss your proposals next week.

5. I bought a new computer yesterday.

V1.Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы. Переведите их.

1. We demand payment of penalty in accordance with clause 16 of the contract.

2. I shall send all the documents by airmail.

3. They protected their trademark against counterfeiters.

4. I have just telephoned Moscow.

5. We are setting up a new office in Argentina.

VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на перевод причастия I,П,герундия.

1. They spent a lot of time discussing the problems of membership in their new
organization.

2. In any situation individuals choose the part of their own past experiences that is helpful in forming conclusions and judgments.

3. All the jobs requiring similar skills can be grouped together.

4. After evaluating all the factors in fluencing the production of the computers in our
country we decided to sign an agreement with a firm in Germany.

5. The quality of decision making in an organization depends on selecting proper goals
and identifying means for achieving them.

6. Having won the first match by only one point, the players realized that they must train
much harder to win the championship.

7. Having been used for a long time the device partly lost its efficiently.

8. It's worth mentioning in this connection that this technique found no support two
years ago.

9. On entering the room he introduced himself to all those present.

                              ECONOMIC GOODS AND SERVICES

People begin to learn about economics when they are still very young. Even before they start school, they make two very important economic discoveries. They find that there are lots of things in the world they want. They also find that they cannot have them all. There is a big gap between what they want and what they can have.

Later, young people learn another lesson. When they watch television commercials, they discover that there are
thousands of things they or their parents could buy. Gradually, they settle into two major economic roles: consumer
and producer.                                            

In the role of consumer, a person buys goods and services for personal use, not for resale. Consumer goods are products, such as food, clothing, and cars, that satisfy people's economic needs or wants. Some consumer goods, such as food, do not last a long time. Other goods, such as cars or VCRs, last longer. Sooner or later, though, consumer goods are used up. Bananas are a typical example of perishable goods, by "perishable" we mean goods which cannot be stored for any length of time without going bad. Most foodstuffs are in the perishable category. Services are actions, such as haircutting, cleaning or teaching. Services are used up at the time they are provided.

A producer makes the goods or provides the services that consumers use. A person who makes lemonade and then sells it is producing goods. A person who shovels snow during the winter or clerks in a store is providing a service. Students working after school or during the summer earn money to buy some of the things they want -records, books, or a car. They are learning about the role of the producer.

In order to produce something, however, a person must first have right resources. Resources are the materials from which goods and services are made. There are three kinds of resources: human (people), natural (raw materials), and capital resources (capital, or the money or property). If either of these resources is missing, production will stop.

The economy as a whole, like an individual, can produce only products for which it has the right kind of resources. No economy can produce the things people want if it doesn't have enough of the right kinds of resources. And no economy has an unlimited supply of resources. In other words, there is a scarcity of resources. Scarcity is the situation that exists when demand for a good, service, or resource is greater than supply. In economics, you will study how people use their resources, to make the goods and to provide the services they want. Economics is also the study of how people decide whowill get the goods and the services produced. Human wants tend to be unlimited,but human, natural, and capital resources are, unfortunately, limited.

The basic economic questions individuals and nations face are: Whatgoods and services will be produced? Howwill they be produced? Whowill get them?How muchwill be produced for now and how much for the future? The answers to the questions depend on a country's human, natural, and capital resources, and also on its customs and values. Each country will answer three questions in a different way.

               LABOUR AND CAPITAL

Money is not only a means of exchange but it is also a means of measuring the value of men,s labour. In economic theory,"labour" is any work undertaken in return for a fixed payment. The work undertaken by a mother in caring for her children may be a hard work, but she receives no fixed payment. It is not therefore labour in the strict economic sence.

As a scientist, the economist is interested in measuring the services which people render to each other. Although he is aware of the services which people provide for no financial reward, he is not concerned with these services. He is interested essentially in services which are measurable in terms of money payments of a fixed and regular nature. In economics money is the standard by which the value of things is judged. This standard is not religious or subjective, but objective and scientific. Human labour produces both goods and services . The activities of a farmworker and a nurse are very different, but both are measurable in term of payment received. Labour in this sence is not concerned with distinctions of social class, but simply with payment of wages in return for work.

When we talk about "the national labour force",however, we are thinking of all those people who are available for work within the nation, i. e.the working population.

It should be noted that any person engaged in private business is not paid a fixed sum of money for his activities. He is self-employed and his activities are partlythose of an employer and partly those of an employee If however he employs an assistant, to whom he pays a fixed wage, his new employeeprovides labour in return for payment. He receives his wage, while his employerreceives the surplus [large or small] from the whole business. The surplus is the reward of a private enterprise and is known as profit..

VOCABULARY

1. means                средства

2. value                 ценность                           

3. to care for                    заботиться

4. to undertake                  предпринимать

5. reward               награда.

6. surplus               излишек

7. to concern            заботиться, беспокоить

8. to provide              обеспечивать

9. to engage             вовлекать

10. wage                заработная плата

11. to employ          нанимать

12. profit              прибыль 

13. in terms             зд.посредством 

MARKETS AND MONOPOLIES

Although in a perfect market competition is unrestricted and sellers are numerous, free competition and large number of sellers are not always available in the real world. In some markets there may only be one-seller or a very limited number of sellers Such a situation is called a "monopoly" and may arise from a variety of different causes. It ispossible to distingush in practice four kinds of monopoly.

State planning and central control of the economy often mean that a state government has the monopoly of important goods and services. Some countries have state monopolies in basic commodities like steel and transport, while other countries have monopolies in such comparatively unimportant commodities as matches. Most national authorities monopolize the postal services within their borders.

A different kind of monopoly arises when a country, through geographical and geological circumstances, has control over major natural resources of important services, as for example Canadian nickel and the Egyptian ownership of the Suez Canal. Such monopolies can be called natural monopolies.

They are very different from legal monopolies, where the law of a country permits certain producers, authors and inventors a full monopoly over the sale of their own products.

These three types of monopoly a distinct from the sole trading opportunities which take place because certain companies have obtained complete control over particular commodities. This action is often called, cornering the market and is illegal in many countries. In the USA anti-trust laws operate to restrict such activities, while in Britain the Monopolies Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers which might lead to undesirable monopolies.

              Слова и выражения к тексту

competention

to restrict

available

to arise

to distinguish       

commodity  

opportunity

merger

arrangement

to corner

illegal

соревнования, конкуренция

ограничивать

имеющийся (в распоряжении)

возникать, появляться

различать

товар

возможность

слияние, объединение

соглашение, договоренность

скупка монополистами товаров со спекулятивными целями

product

authority

ORGANIZATION

Organizations permeate all levels of our lives. We come into contact with many of them daily. In fact, most of us probably spend most of our lives in — or affected by — organizations. We spend sizable amounts of our time as members of work, school, civic, and church organizations — involved as employees, students, clients, patients, and citizens.

At some times, these organizations appear to be efficiently run and responsive to our needs, and at other times they are extremely frustrating and irritating. We may even think they are harassing us. Such personal experience in or with organizations may have already helped to form our sense of what it means to be "organized".

Organizations exist for one reason: they can accomplish things that individuals cannot. Thus, whether the goal is to make a profit, provide education, foster religion, improve health care, get a candidate elected, or build a new football stadium, organizations get the job done. Organizations are characterized by their goal-directed behavior. They persue goals and objectives that can be achieved more efficiently and effectively by the concerted action of individuals and groups.

Organizations are essential to the way our society operates. In industry, education, health care and defense, organizations have created impressive gains for our standard of living and our worldwide image. The size of organizations with which you deal daily should illustrate the tremendous political, economic and social powers they separately possess.

Organizations are, however, much more than means for providing goods and services. They create the settings in which most of us spend our lives. In this respect, they have profound influence on our behavior. However, because large-scale organizations have developed only in recent times, we are just beginning to recognize the necessity for studying them.

QUESTIONS

1. What kind of organizations do we come into contact with daily?

2. Why are organizations so important for us?

3. How do people feel about organizations?

4. What is the reason for the existence of organizations?

5. What kind of behavior is typical of organizations?

6. Why do organizations influence our behavior?

7. Why are the people only beginning to realize the importance of studying organizations?

COMMUNICATION

One of the important purposes of an organizational structure is to facilitate the process of
communication. The managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling all
involve managers in specific decisions and communication. When making decisions, managers
must both acquire and disseminate information. Thus, communication is critical since managers
rarely work with "things" but rather with "information about things".
It would be extremely difficult to find an aspect of a manager's job that doesn't involve

communication. Serious problems arise when directives are misunderstood, when casual kidding

in a work group leads to anger, or when informal remarks by a top-level manager are distorted. Each of these situations is a result of a breakdown somewhere in the process of communication.         

Accordingly, the pertinent question is not whether managers engage in communication, because communication is inherent to the functioning of an organization. Rather, the pertinent question is whether managers communicate well or poorly. In other words communication itself is unavoidable in an organization's functioning. Every manager must be a communicator. In fact, everything that a manager does communicates something in some way to somebody or some group. The only question is: "With what effect?"

Despite the tremendous advances in communication and information technology, communication among people in organizations leaves much to be desired. Communication among people doesn't depend on technology, but rather on forces of people and their surroundings. It is a "process" that occurs "within" people.

Communication experts tell us that effective communication is the result of a common understanding between the communicator and the receiver. In fact, the word communication is derived from the Latin (communis), meaning "common". The communicator seeks to establish the "commonness" with a receiver. Hence we can define communication as the transmission of information and understanding through the use of common symbols. The common symbols may be verbal and non-verbal.

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is the origin of the word "communication"?

2. Why is the knowledge of communication process very important for a manager?

3. What can a breakdown in the process of communication result in?

4. Why is it possible to say that every manager is a communicator?

5. Have advances in communication and information technology improved communication among people in organizations?

6. What is necessary for communication to be effective?

                          MANAGEMENT

The job of a manager is both hard and exciting. This job implies coordinating and supervising both personnel and business problems.

The personnel manager deals with interviewing, selecting, recruiting and dismissing (firing) employees (staff) as well as with career development and various other problems.The most important thing in personnel management is staff motivation.

A manager should be flexible, sincere, intelligent, full of common sense, creative, tolerant, committed to his job and loyal to his boss and his company. He should be obliging, well-disposed, sympathetic and understanding. He should be a good psychologist and be good at planning and organizing both team and individual activities.He should be good at decision making and have some idea about administrative law to settle different problems.

There are many other types of managers in a large firm. Sales manager deals in selling different products and services. Purchase manager deals in buying goods.

Shipping manager deals in shipping products, their delivery and packing.

Works (production) manager deals with industrial enterprises, manufacturing process, testing various machines and equipment, after sales service and some ecological problems.

There is also a Financial Director who deals with money matters. There are many
accountants who report to him. There are numerous secretaries, receptionists, typists and
different clerks called secretarial/clerical staff. Public relations manager deals with
customers and their problems and is responsible for the attractive image of his firm.
R&D department deals with fundamental research. There are experts in advertising and

promoting goods and services working for Marketing Department.

There are lawyers, barristers, attorneys, legal advisers who deal with legal problems,

start legal action against unreliable busnessmen.
Different firms and companies do business with other firms. Companies belong to

different areas of business: wholesale or retail trade, insurance, banking, catering, vehicle manufacturing, engineering, transport, shipping, real estate, manufacturing various goods, etc.

In wholesale trade the parties of a transaction are called Buyers and Sellers. Those who produce goods are called Producers or Manufacturers. Those who supply and distribute goods are called Suppliers and Distributors.

People doing business together, cooperating in some spheres of business are called partners. Those who compete in business are called competitors. The competition on the world market is very tense nowadays. All manufacturers feel it and try to update their products, to raise their quality. They try to diversify the range of their products and, if possible, to decrease their production cost and selling price, because cheap goods of high quality meet the demands of the customers. And naturally the clients are not interested in expensive low quality goods.

To find out about the range of goods offered by the firm the customers study leaflets and catalogues. To know the prices for products they look through price-lists and quotations. To clarify some details concerning the design and technical features of some machines they ask for specifications.

They go on business trips and see round manufacturing plants where they can test the equipment and see the type of packing.

Businessmen hold business talks (negotiations) where they discuss various business matters: the terms of payment, shipment and delivery. There could be different terms (manners) of payment: by a Letter of Credit against shipping documents, payment for collection, FOB (free on board), CIF (Cargo, Insurance, Freight) terms, etc.

The sides discuss the time and manner of shipment and delivery. There might be some

delays in delivery because of technical problems or some unforseen circumstances.

They negotiate prices for goods. A price can be high, low, reasonable, attractive, suitable, competitive, acceptable.

If they agree to the terms and selling price, they place an order with the firm. Before placing an order they make offers,enquiries for goods. If the customer does not accept the price he asks for a discount on the price. Prices and terms are often revised because the market situation is changing every day. The market is not stable.

The sides sign contracts which provide a legal guarantee for all obligations. A contract includes know-how, prices, cost, licence, terms, after sales service and guarantee period.

If the equipment bought from a certain firm is damaged or if some defect is found, it should be repaired and faulty parts should be replaced at the Seller's expense.

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What are advantages and disadvantages of a manager's job?

2. Is the job of a manager hard and exciting? Why?

3. What problems does a personnel manager deal with?

4. What is the most important thing in personnel management?

5. What kind of person should a manager be?

6. What types of managers work in a large firm?

7. What other specialists besides managers work there?

8. What areas of business do companies belong to?

9. What can you say about the competition on the world market nowadays?

10. What measures do manufacturers take to compete successfully?

11. Where can a customer find out about the range of goods offered by the firm, their quality and applications, prices, industrial cost?

12. Why do people go on business trips?

13. What manners of payment do you know?

14. What can cause the delay in delivery?

15. What adjectives can we use when speaking about the price for some goods?

16. When do the customers place an order with the firm?

17. What do the customers do before placing an order with the firm?

18. What does a contract cover?

19. When do they open a Letter of Credit with the bank?

20. Who deals with after sales service?

21. How do the Buyers find out about the quality of equipment to be bought?

COPING WITH STRESS

Stress is a natural part of living. Crossing a road, going to a party, driving a car, these are all stressful activities. We live in a fast-moving age, so we must learn how to relax properly. Here are some of the most common symptoms of stress: sleeping badly, poor appetite or overeating, drinking too much alcohol, difficulty in concentrating.

How do you deal with these problems? The average business person often has no time to sit down and think the answers over. But if you want to survive, you have to know how to cope with stress. So, here is a guide to reducing the level of stress in your life.

First, take up a hobby, if possible, an active outdoor activity. You won't worry about your problems when you are concentrating on a hobby that really interests you.

You must take plenty of exercise. This will keep you fit and should also help you to sleep better.

At work, it's important to make lists of tasks that you need to complete during the day. Write down your thoughts and ideas on paper. Learn to say "no" even to your boss, if you think that colleagues are unreasonable. And, finally, don't forget that laughter is the best medicine.

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is it important to learn how to relax properly?

2. What are the most important symptoms of stress?

3. Is it possible to avoid stress?

What situations do you find stressful?

4. Why don't people think much about stress and the problems involved?

5. What does the author recommend us to cope with stress?

6. Why is it important to take plenty of exercise?

7. What is the most important thing to fight stress at your work?

1. TRANSLATE THE TEXT.

THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR.

Why do employees behave as they do in organizations? Why is one individual or group more productive than another? Why do managers continually seek ways to design jobs

and delegate authority? These and similar questions are important to the relatively new field of study known as organizational behavior.Understanding the behavior of people in organizations has become increasingly important as management concerns-such problems as employee produc

tivity, the qualityof work life ,job stress , and career progression- continuate to make front-page

news.

   Organizational behavior can be defined as ; The study of human behavior,attitudes , and performance within an organizational setting: drawing on theory, methods, and principles from such disciplines as psychology,sociology, and cultural anthropology to learn about individual perceptions,values, learning capacities and actions while working in groups and within the total organizations; analyzing the external environment,s effect on the organization andits human resources , missions, objectives, and strategies.

TheUSA

The USA is situated in the central and southern parts of the continent of North America and includes the state of Alaska. The USA is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Gulf of Mexico in the south-east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west.

In the North it borders on Canada and in the south on Mexico. The USA consists of 50 states. If we look at the map we can see lowlands and mountains. Among the mountains of the country the Rocky Mountains are the highest. The longest of many rivers is the Mississippi. The Great lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The country is rich in many resources: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore and gold. It helps to develop many branches of industry.

The USA has various climates. The coldest climate is in the north. Here there is much snow and the temperature is very low about -45°. Along the Western Coast and in the South-East the climate is hot and dry. In the central part it is continental.

The population is about 235 million.

The USA is a federal republic. The president is the head of the republic and government. The USA Congress consists of two Houses the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Republican and Democratic parties are the main parties in the USA.

1. to situate                             быть расположенным
2. southern                              южный
3. north                                 север
4. south                                 юг
5. The Pacific Ocean                    Тихий океан
6. to wash                               омывать
7. The Atlantic Ocean                   Атлантический океан
8. Mexico                               Мексика
9. to border                              граничить
10. climate                                     климат
11. various                                различный
12. low                                    низкий
13. dry                                    сухой
14. coast                                  берега, побережье
15. population                             население
16. resource                               ресурсы
17. iron ore                                железная руда
18. branch                                 отрасль
19. to be rich in                            быть богатым чем-либо
20. Government                            правительство
21. Congress                               конгресс
22. The Senate                             сенат
23. Representative                         представитель
24. Republican                             республиканский

Great Britain

The United Kingdom and Northern Ireland are situated on the British Isles. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometers. The coasts of Great Britain are washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the English Channel, which separates it from Europe.

Great Britain consists of three parts: England, Scotland and Wales/Northern Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom and borders on the independent Irish Republic, which occupies a bigger part of the island.)

There are many rivers in the U.K., the longest and the deepest of them are the

Themes and the Severn. The mountains of the island are not very high. Great

Britain has some mineral resources, first of all, the deposits of coal and iron ore,

(which were the basis for British industrial revolution. Not long ago vast deposits of oil and gas were discovered in the North Sea.)

The climate of Great Britain is mild because of the influence of the warm current, the Gulf Stream. Winters are not too cold and summers are rather cool. The weather is not stable and changes all the time. The Great Britain is highly developed industrial country, one of the leading states of the world.

The population of the United Kingdom is about sixty million people of various nationalities. The capital of the U.K. is London. Other big and important cities are: Bristol, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester.

Politically, Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy with strong democratic traditions. Nominally, the country is ruled by the King or the Queen. But in fact, the real head of the state is the Prime-Minister.

                  Vocabulary:

1. The United Kingdom              Объединенное Королевство

2. Ireland                            Ирландия

3. Isles                               острова  

4. total area                          полная площадь

5. Irish Sea                          Ирландское море        

6. Europe                            Европа 

7. climate                            климат

8. mild                               умеренный

9. The Gulf Stream                   Гольфстрим

10. a parliamentary monarchy        парламентская монархия