How is AIRPROX/NEAR MISS defined by ICAO Doc 4444?

AVIATION ENGLISH COURSE 2

What are the main reasons for take off to be rejected?

Any obstacle on the RW, any failure or malfunction of aircraft, health problem of crew, hazardous weather conditions.

Describe the procedure of standard take-off (lesson 9)

The throttle is opened fully to start the takeoff run. During takeoff run rudder pedals are used to keep the airplane on the runway. As takeoff airspeed is approached the nose wheel is off the RW. As the airplane lift off, pilot relaxes pressure to the control column and airspeed increases to the best rate-of-climb.

What is the difference between accident and incident? (2 definitions)

In case of accident there are fatalities or severe injuries on people and partially or totally destroyed of aircraft.

Could you name some reasons for TP with hydraulic system?

TP with hydraulic system can be caused by several reasons, for example: valve damage, fluid leakage,  piping damage, pump failure, filter blockage and even engine failure and electrical malfunction.

For what aims is press. system used? (depressuarisation)

Press. system is …. provides desired level of pressure, temperature, humidity and freshness of in the pressurized compartments of an aircraft.

Could you name some reasons for TP with press. system?

TP with press. system can be caused by bleed air system mulfunction, air cooling system failure or improper operation of intake or outflow valve.

Are you familiar with any incidents or accident related to press. system?

Yes, there is B737 of Helios Airways, which hit a mountain after running of fuel. The accident was caused by cabin depressurization and both pilots incapacitation because pressurization system was turned off.

Could you name some reasons for fire on board?

Fire may be caused by a number of reasons:

· Technical problem such as: wheel well overheating, breaking system overheating, electrical short circuit, engine failure, fuel leakage, chemical fire in batteries.

· Outside factors for example lightning strike, hail, bird strike.

· Human factor.

· Ignition of dangerous flammable goods.

Are you familiar with any incidents related to fire on board?

On 2 September 1998, MD-11 performing flight from NY to Geneva and crashed into Atlantic Ocean southwest of Halifax Int. Airport. The flammable material which was used in aircraft structure started to flame because of short circuit.

Could you name some reasons for problem with fuel on board?

I know 4 reasons of fuel problem there is fuel contamination, fuel starvation, fuel leak and fuel load miscalculate.

14 Are you familiar with… fuel problem?

17.01.2008 British Airways Flight 38 performed flight from Beijing to London Heathrow Airport and landed just short of the runway at its destination. Ice crystals in the fuel were the cause of the incident.

For what aims is hydraulic system used?

Hydraulic system is used for operating primary flight controls (ailerons, elevators, rudder), high lift device (flaps, slats, ailerons), landing gear (landing gear operation, nose wheel steering and breaks).

24 How may lift be increased?

The amount of LIFT is related to angle of attack (AOA), wing profile and area, high lift device (extending flaps and slats), wing contamination that decrease it , velocity of the ACFT and density of the air.

Lift can be increased by, by increasing flight speed and wing area which depends on the type of an aircraft.
25 How can cruise climb and step climb be performed? ( safety and efficiency lesson 13 )

Cruise climb is a continuous gradual climb from an initial cruise altitude to a final cruise altitude which provides the most efficient use of fuel. Step climb is a gradual climb performed in fixed steps when it’s impossible or undesirable to perform cruise climb.
26 What are the reasons for engine failure? The main reasons for engine failure are:  engine icing, engine surge, fuel leaks, improper fuel, bird ingestions, damage caused by hail or lightning strikes and careless ground service.
27  Possible pilot’s actions in case of engine failure. In case of an engine failure crew members should check engine parameters, shut down engine and restart it afterwards.

28. Are you familiar with any incidents or accident related toengine failure?

in 2009 an Airbus A320 has made emergency landing on river due to bird strike which took place shortly after take off. Both engines have failed and crew decided to shut them down. After that A320 has made a successful ditching on the Hudson river.
29 What Aircraft equipment can detect and extinguish fire on board?

Smoke detectors which are installed in passenger compartments, on flight deck, in cargo holds and in  toilets. Automatic fire extinguishing systems, portable fire extinguishers, fire axes, smoke  fire blankets.

30 What Aircraft equipment can protect persons in case of fire on board?

Smoke protection devices (Smoke hoods, portable oxygen bottles with full face masks and smoke goggles.)

How does SHELL MODEL assist to understand human factor in aviation?

This theory states that a mismatch between Liveware (the central part of model) and any of other four components (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) always leads to a source of human error.

42 What do common human factors causing incidents or accidents include? What are their main reasons? The common human factors causing incidents and accidents include: controller’s inattention, mechanic’s carelessness, engineer’s error and pilot’s fatigue. The reasons may be following: lack of professional skills, negligence, shortage of information, misunderstanding, health problems, stress and fatigue due to improper working conditions.

What is situational awareness?

Situational awareness is a person’s state of knowledge or mental model of the situation around a pilot.

Why is situational awareness of great importance for pilots?

Situational awareness is important for effective decision making and performance in any complex and dynamic environment.

What technical aids can be used to help pilots to maintain situational awareness?

To avoid AIRPROX/NEARMISS pilots can use following systems:

· Traffic Information System (TIS) – it’s a ground based service providing information concerning nearby traffic to the flight deck.

· Traffic Alert System (TAS) – receives transponder information from nearby aircraft to help to determine their relative position to the equipped aircraft.

· Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) – it’s an airborne system that operates independently from the ground-based ATC system. TCAS was designed to increase flight deck awareness of proximate aircraft. It also issues resolution advisories to the pilot to prevent potentional mid-air collision.

How is AIRPROX/NEAR MISS defined by ICAO Doc 4444?

An AIRPROX is a situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic controller, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised.

47 What are the main reasons for AIRPROX/NEAR MISS?An AIRPROX may occur as a result of following:

· Technical malfunction (in case of engine failure aircraft is unable to maintain prescribed altitude);

· Human error as miscommunication between P and P, P and C; ATC error, lack of pilot’s situational awareness or even his negligence.