Prepositions: of, with, by, for.

of     - a leg of the table; the father of my friend.

with - with a knife and a fork;

        to see with eyes and to hear with ears;

        to be covered with snow;

        to have dinner with friends.

by    - to sit by me (near);

        to take child by the hand;

        to go by bus;

       the poem is by Esenin.

for  - for you; for his sister.

Exercises.

 Вставьте соответствующие предлоги.

1. We are going abroad … June. 2. He used to live here … 1994… 1997. 3. I’m sorry, he is off. Please call him back … an hour. 4. My birthday is … March 26. 5. Let’s meet … the lesson. 6. Bye, see you … Monday! 7. The lesson begins … half past eight. 8. I hope to meet you …Easter. 9. He graduated from school … the age … 16. 10. She takes English classes … Wednesday nights.

1. Who is sitting … you at the desk? 2. Please pour some tea … my cup. 3. The teacher was writing some words … the blackboard. 4. The children were writing the same words … their exercise-books. 5. Put your bag … the desk. (под) 6. Please stop … the first traffic lights. (у) 7. Your eye-glasses are … the window-sill. (на) 

Pronouns.

Местоимения.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Степени сравнения прилагательных.

По образованию степеней сравнения прилагательные и наречия можно разделить на 3 группы:

1.

2.

3. Образование степеней сравнения не по общим правилам.

В предикативных конструкциях «as …as» (такой же …как) и «not so …as» (не такой …как) прилагательное не меняется.  

He is as tall as his brother.

Если в предложении, после прилагательного, стоит слово «than» (чем), то речь идет о сравнительной степени сравнения.

Exercise.

1. It is (hot) in Athens than it is in London. 2. A train goes faster than a ship but not so (fast) as an  aeroplane. 3. Your work is much (good) than I thought. 4. Susan is (old) than Mark, she is the (old) of the family. 5. Jack and Peter are exactly as (tall) as each other. 6. Tom is the (tall) in his class.

Modal verbs.

Модальные глаголы.

 Модальные глаголы в английском языке не употребляются самостоятельно. За ними всегда следует другой глагол без частицы to.

Exercises.

Вставьте соответствующий модальный глагол.

1. You … study harder. 2. You … worry any more. Your mother is coming. 3. Mary … speak three languages. 4. … I borrow your pen, please? 5. Ann … visit us for she was busy. 6. John is absent, he … be sick again. 7. You … learn this rule by heart. 8. You … to be kind to your classmates. 9. My friend … not come in time. 10. You … help your mother today.

Passive voice.

Образование вопросительной и отрицательной форм.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге состоит из 2-4 слов (первые слова находятся до скобки в таблице «Passive Voice»). При образовании отрицательной формы – достаточно после первого слова в сказуемом поставить not.

     The book is written. - The book is not written.

The book will be written. - The book will not be written.

The book has been written. - The book has not been written.

  Для образования вопросительной формы – достаточно первое слово в сказуемом вынести перед подлежащим.

      The book is written. – Is the book written?

        The book will be written. – Will the book be written?

       The book has been written. – Has the book been written?

Active –> Passive

Students have written the test by 12 o’clock today.

1. Находим сказуемое и определяем его время have written – Present Perfect Tense.

Берем это же время , но уже в таблице «Passive Voice».

2. Находим, после сказуемого, самое первое имя существительное или местоимение (the test). Именно с этого слова (слов) будет начинаться новое предложение.

 The test has been written by students by 12 o’clock today.

Texts

Basic forms of business organization.

There are three forms of business organization: the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation.

A sole proprietorship is owned by one person, who receives all the profits and bears all the liabilities of the business.

A partnershipis a voluntary legal association of two or more people.

A corporation is an independent legal entity, with ownership divided into shares. The owners of the shares are stockholders or shareholders. The corporation has the limited liability.   

Active vocabulary

1. a sole proprietorship- частное предпринимательство
2. a partnership- партнерство
3. a corporation- корпорация
4. to own - владеть
5. owner – владелец, собственник
6. ownership - собственность
7. profit - прибыль
8. to bear all the liability – нести все обязательства
9. voluntary - добровольный
10. legal - юридический
11. legal entity – юридическое лицо
12. share (stock) - акция
13. shareholder (stockholder) - акционер
14. limited liability – ограниченная ответственность

A sole proprietorship.

A sole proprietorship is one of the forms of business organization. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. More than 80 per cent of all businesses are sole proprietorships. But sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16 per cent of all business receipts. Service industries such as beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants, hotels may have the form of sole proprietorship.

There are some advantages in sole proprietorship:

- you make the decisions and control the profits yourself;

- you needn’t consult a lawyer to form the business;

- you can start or stop your business whenever you like;

- you needn’t consult partners or a board of directors;

- you decide on your vacation, hours, salary, hiring and firing.

   There are some disadvantages in sole proprietorship:

- you have unlimited liability (It means that you are responsible for all your business debts and you can lose your personal assets).

- you won’t get tax benefits.

Active vocabulary

1. Sole proprietorship – частное предпринимательство
2. partnership – партнерство
3. corporation - корпорация
4. the most common – наиболее распространенный
5. business – предприятие, дело
6. volume – объем, количество
7. receipt – денежные поступления
8. service industry – сфера обслуживания
9. to account for – составлять, насчитывать
10. repair shop - мастерская
11. a piece of advice – совет
12. responsibility – ответственность
13. to make decisions – принимать решения
14. to control the profits – контролировать прибыль
15. to need a lawyer – нуждаться в юристе
16. to consult partners – консультироваться с партнерами
17. board of directors – Совет директоров
18. to decide on vacation, hours, salary, hiring and firing – решать вопросы, связанные с отпуском, продолжитель-

       ностью рабочего дня, зарплатой, наймом и увольнением

1. to have unlimited liability – иметь неограниченную юридическую ответственность
2. to be responsible for all business debts - нести ответственность за все производственные долги
3. personal assets – личная собственность
4. to get tax benefits – получить льготы по
5. налогообложению
6. accountant – бухгалтер
7. to do books – вести бухучет

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate into English.

1. Мне нужен совет.

2. Я контролирую прибыль своего предприятия.

3. Директор решает вопросы, связанные с наймом и увольнением.

4. Я боюсь иметь полную юридическую ответственность.

5. Я не отвечаю за производственные долги.

6. Малые предприятия имеют льготы по налогообложению.

7. Мне нужно нанять бухгалтера. (I need V)

8.Мне нужно проконсультироваться с юристом.

Exercise 2. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence .

1 . Small … are very often service industries.          1 receipts

2. The... industries don't produce material goods.    2 business

3. More than 80 per cent of all business ...are not from 3 service

sole proprietorships.                                               4 privately           

4.Less than 20 per cent of European businesses       5 account

are partnerships or... .                                          6 corporation

2. Sole proprietorships ... only a small part           7 forms

of all business receipts.              

 6. Is this bank owned publicly or … ?                                                              

7. There are three ... of business ownership.                                                 

Partnerships.

A partnership is one of the forms of business organization. There are different types of partners in partnership: general partner, limited partner, silent and secret partners.

General partner has unlimited liability. Limited partner has limited liability. Silent partner is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. Secret partner takes part in management but is not known to the public.

Law, insurance, stockbrokerage, real estate and oil prospecting may have the form of the partnership.

There are some advantages in partnership:

- a big capital;

- diversified management;

- they are easy to form;

- they get tax benefits from the government.

There are some disadvantages in partnership:

- unlimited liability;

- partners may disagree with each other.

Active vocabulary

1. Profit – прибыль
2. general partner – общий партнер, несущий полную юр. ответст-ть
3. limited partner – партнер с ограниченной юр. ответственностью
4. silent partner – партнер без права голоса
5. secret partner – секретный партнер (с правом голоса, но неизвестный общественности)
6. law – юриспруденция
7. insurance – страхование
8. stockbrokerage – биржевое маклерство
9. real estate – недвижимость
10. oil prospecting – добыча нефти

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Select the necessary word in the sentence.

1. Partnership very often receive...                    1 secret partner

from the government.                                      2 unlimited liability

2. Limited partnership isa common                   3 real estate

form of ownership in...                                     4 general partner

3. Partnerships have many..., one is that they receive 5 advantage

tax benefits from the government.                           6 profit

4. ...are the partners with unlimited liability.             7 capital

5. ...has the authority in management                         8 management

but he is not known to public.                                 9 tax benefits

6. A secret partner takes part in...

7. General partners have ...

8. One advantage of a partnership is that it offers a multiple source of...

9. A partnership can bring much ... to the partners.

Exercise 2.Translate intoEnglish.

1. Члены правления имеют полную юридическую ответственность.

2. Партнер с ограниченной юридической ответственностью не имеет реальной власти.

3. Секретный партнер принимает участие в управлении, но он не известен общественности.

4. Я хочу вложить деньги в недвижимость.

5. Партнерство имеет много преимуществ.

6. Партнерство часто получает налоговые льготы от правительства.

Corporations.

A corporation is one of the forms of business organization. There are some types of corporations: private and governmental. Educational, religious, charitable institutions can also incorporate. State universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities are governmental corporations. Usually such corporations do not issue stock and are nonprofit.

There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership:

- the ability to attract financial resources;

- it can invest capital in plants, equipment and research;

- it can offer higher salaries and attract talented managers and specialists.

There are some disadvantages of the corporate form of ownership:

- government regulation;

- profit sharing;

- taxes.    

Active vocabulary

1. to establish – учреждать
2. stock certificate – сертификат на акции
3. stockholder – акционер
4. to attract financial resources – привлекать финансовые ресурсы
5. to offer high salaries – предлагать высокие зарплаты
6. to attract a large amount of capital – привлекать большой капитал
7. educational, religious, charitable institutions - образовательные, религиозные, благотвори тельные учреждения
8. to issue stock – выпускать акции
9. nonprofit – неприбыльный
10. to reinvest – вкладывать еще раз

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.

Exercise 2.Translate into English.

1. Корпорация может выпускать и продавать акции.

2. Корпорация может предлагать более высокую заработную плату.

3. Корпорация имеет больше возможностей для вовлечения финансовых ресурсов, чем партнерство.

4. Каждый год акционеры проводят собрание.

5. Образовательные, благотворительные, религиозные учреждения могут быть корпорациями.   

 Подобные учреждения не приносят прибыль.

6. Эта корпорация прибыльна, она будет расширяться.