A way to make motion sensors that can survive extremely high engine temperatures

The problem with making car engines out of metal is that they get too hot for their own good. Steel starts to lose its strength at around 700˚C; engines composed of it have to be cooled to stop them breaking. That is bad for two reasons. First, it wastes energy. Second, it forces manufacturers to spend a lot of money and effort developing better cooling systems.

One answer to the problem would be to make engines out of ceramic, instead. A ceramic engine can operate at temperatures above 3,000˚C without breaking. That eliminates the need for a cooling system. Unfortunately, the motion sensors needed to measure the performance of engines do not like the heat either. And since an engine whose performance is not being measured cannot be regulated, it would seem there might be good use for a heat-tolerant sensor.

After further experimentation, they found what they were looking for in a more exotic stuff called indium antimonide. They discovered that when they crushed crystals of this material into micron-sized pieces and then fused them back together again, the boundaries between the disordered pieces created pathways for electrons to follow, allowing the material to become magneto-resistive in the same way that silver selenide and silver telluride had—but at high temperatures instead of low ones. In the world of magneto-resistance, it seems, the way to tickle the sensors is to spice them up with a little disorder.

to eliminate – исключать, устранять

heat-tolerant – жаровыносливый                                                   to fuse – плавать, сплавлять

boundary – граница                                                                                  totickle – щекотать

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THE FLAG OF THE USA.

June 14 is Flag Day in the USA. On this day in 1776 the Flag of the USA was adopted by the Continental Congress. The first American flag was made by Betsy Ross assisted by Molly Pitcher, Barbara Frietchie and other members of the Philadelphia Sewing Circle.

The Flag is often called Stars and Stripes. The horizontal red and white stripes represent the original thirteen American States that declared they would no longer be colonies of Great

Britain. Stars in the flag - white on a blue background represent the number of states which make up the USA.

From 1912 until 1958 the number of stars was forty eight. Then Alaska joined to the United

States and the forty - ninth star appeared on the flag. In the next year, 1959, Hawaii became the fiftieth state of America. Now there are fifty stars on the flag.       

Americans think about and treat their flag with respect. Nobody is allowed to use the Stars and Stripes in such things as advertisements. Sometimes they call their flag "Old Glory".

Americans pledge allegiance to their Flag by standing with the right hand over the heart and repeating this pledge. «I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all».

1.    When do Americans have Flag Day?

2.    How is the American Flag called?

3.    What do the stripes on the Flag represent?

3. Topic “My Family”