All people/ all (of) the people

all + существительное без артикля обозначает предметы или людей вообще, любых.

All people want to be happy.

All children like circus.

All students hate to take exams.

all + существительное с определенным артиклем употребляется, когда имеем ввиду именно этих (конкретных) людей или эти (конкретные) вещи.

I like all the people living in our house.

All the children brought flowers to their teacher.

All the students in my group have passed that exam.

Количественные местоимения

few/ a few/ many/ a lot of используются с исчисляемыми существительными

few (мало) We have few subjects this term.

a few (несколько, немного) I have a few friends and we meet quite often.

many (много) Have you got many relatives in Italy? No, I haven’t got many relatives in Italy.

a lot of (много) A lot of people drive too fast.

little/ a little/ much/ a lot of используются с неисчисляемыми существительными

little (мало) We must be quick. We have little time.

a little (немного) We have got a little time. We can wait.

much (много) Did you spend much money? No, we didn’t spend much money.

a lot of (много) She drinks a lot of coffee.

Вопросительные слова

who кто                                       

who(m) кого, кому, др.

whose чей

whatчто

what + существительное какой

where где, куда, откуда

when когда

whyпочему

how как, каким образом

how much + неисчисл. сущ

how many +исчисл. cущ

ADJECTIVE (Имя прилагательное)

Степени сравнения прилагательных

Сравнительная степень прилагательных употребляется для сравнения двух предметов.

Для образования сравнительной степени к односложным и некоторым двусложным (заканчивающимся на –y) прибавляется - er

loud – louder

short-shorter

soft – softer

quiet – quieter

Spelling

1) удвоение конечной согласной slim – slimmer, big – bigger,

2) y – i friendly – friendlier, happy – happier

Для образования сравнительной степени перед двусложными или многосложными прилагательными ставится more

beautiful – more beautiful

easy-going – more easy-going

expensive – more expensive

Превосходная степень прилагательных употребляется для описания самых больших, красивых и др. предметов.

Превосходная степень односложных и двусложных (заканчивающихся на – y) прилагательных образуется путем добавлением окончания – est

loud – the loudest

short – the shortest

soft – the softest

quiet – the quietest

Spelling

1) удвоение конечной согласной slim – the slimmest, big – the biggest,

2) y – i friendly – the friendliest, happy – the happiest

Для образования превосходной степени перед двусложными или многосложными прилагательными ставится the most

beautiful – the most beautiful

easy-going – the most easy-going

expensive – the most expensive

She is prettier than her sister.

He is more intelligent than his brother.

This bag is as big as that one.

The train is not as fast as the plane.

Исключения:

GOOD – BETTER – THE BEST OLD – OLDER – THE OLDEST

BAD - WORSE- THE WORST            - ELDER – THE ELDEST LITTLE – LESS- THE LEAST     FAR – FARTHER – THE FARTHEST

MUCH – MORE- THE MOST                - FURTHER – THE FURTHEST

ADVERB (Наречие)

Наречия обозначают признаки действия и указывают на различные обстоятельства, при которых оно происходит.

She sang qиietly.

They ran quickly.

Обратите внимание на различие функций, выполняемых в предложении наречиями и прилагательными.

Alan had а quick meal.(Прилагательное quick служит определением

к существительному теal)

Alan ate qиickly. (Наречие quick/y определяет глагол, действие,

т. е. характеризует, как ест Алан)

Многие наречия образуются от при­лагательных с помощью суффикса –ly

bad - badly           slow - slowly

loud - loudly          awful - awfully

quiet - quietly        brave - bravely

sudden – suddenly beautiful - beautifully

Spelling

У прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -у с предшествующей согласной, при преобразовании в наречие -у меняется на -i перед -Iy.

angry – angrily

hungry - hungrily

Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -е, при преобразовании в наречие теряют –e.

sensible -sensibIy

terrible - terribly

Некоторые наречия по форме не отличаются от соответствующих прилагательных:

early

fast

late

hard

Существуют наречия, которые образуются не по общим правилам:

good - well

PREPOSITIONS (Предлоги)

TIME

AT (time)

at 5 o’clock at 11.45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset

ON (days and dates)

on Friday on 12 March on Christmas day on my birthday   

on Sunday night            on Monday evening on Christmas day

IN(longer periods)

in October in winter in 1975 in the 1920s in the 18^th century    

in the past in the future

in the morning in the afternoon  in the evening  at night

at the weekend    at weekends

at Easter at New Year at Christmas

at the moment

at the same time

in a few minutes in ah hour in two days

this/next/last/every weekend, month, year

on time

in time       

in advance

at the end of

at the beginning of

in the end

PLACE

ON

on the beach on the door (a notice) on the bottle (a lable) on the floor on the ground   

IN

in the box in the bag in the city in the mouth in the country in the shop in Italy

AT

at the door at the bus stop at reception at the party at the conference at the airport at the station    

DIRECTION

TO

to the city to the country to Italy to the party to the beach

EXPRESSIONS

in the street   

in the sky   

in the world

in the picture in the photo

on the left/ on the right

on a map    

on the menu

at the front/at the back

in bed    

in hospital    

in prison

at work at school at university

in the south in the north in the west in the east

on a bus on a train on a plane

on a bike on a horse

in the taxi in the car

on holiday on a business trip    

on TV on the radio

on the phone

in the rain in the sun in the dark in the shade in cold weather

in cash by credit card  by cheque

in love

at the age of

by car by plane by train by bus on foot

NOUN + preposition

a need for   

a reason for

a cause of

a rise in/ a fall in

an invitation to      

an answer to     

a reaction to    

an attitude to

a relationship with/between

ADJECTIVE + preposition

nice/ kind/ polite/ friendly to

angry/ annoyed with smb for smth

excited/ upset/ happy about

satisfied/ disappointed with

surprised/ shocked at/by

impressed with/by

sorry for

fed up/ bored with

afraid/ scared of

fond/ jealous/ ashamed/ envious of

tired of

sure of

good/ bad/ hopeless at

similar to

different from

interested in

famous for

responsible for

VERB + preposition

to look at

to laugh/ smile at

to talk/ speak to

to listen to

to apologize to smb for smth

to talk/ tell about

to care about    to care for

to wait for

to look for

to look after

to dream about to dream of

to think about to think of

to consist of

to pay for

to forgive for

to depend on

to suffer from

to congratulate on

to compliment on

to believe in

to happen to

to concentrate on

to insist on

to spend on