Why did Scotland agree to the union with England in 1707? What was the new official name of the united state?

Queen Ann (1702-1714) - the last Stuart monarch. The Act of Union (1707) which finally fully united Scotland with England and created Great Britain. Although the Scottish were reluctant to lode freedom, they had to agree Scotland needed to remove limits of trade with England from which it suffered economically. + there was danger that an English army would march into Scotland. From that moment Scotland didn’t have its P. but was represented in the new government of Great Br. Scotland, however, kept its own legal and judicial systems and its own church.

What military heroes glorified Great Britain in the Napoleonic Wars?

Admiral Nelson (won several important victories over the French. His most famous battle was the battle of Trafalgar (Southern Spain, 1805)

Arthur Wellington (finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo (near Brussels 1815)

Thomson

Admiral St. Vincent

Why was colonizing foreign lands important? What colonies did Britain have in North America, in the West Indies and India?

G.B. was the greatest colonial power of that time with all its territorial possessions which covered a quarter of the world. It was called The British Empire. Colonizing foreign lands was important territorial, strategic [strə'tiːʤɪk], economic development. Colonies provided a huge domestic market.

1. In North America Britain possessed Virginia, Maryland and New England.

2. In India the British became the masters of Bengal [beŋ'gɔːl] in North-East Province.

3. in the West Indies: the island groups extended across a Caribbean from Florida to Venezuela were Barbados [bɑː'beɪdɔz], Dominica [ˌdɔmɪ'niːkə], Jamaica…

 52. What did the British government and the American colonies quarrel over?

In the middle 18 century 13 American colonies objected to the taxations imposed on them by the Britain’s Parliament. The resentment was expressed by the Boston Massacre a confrontation between troops and a crowd in Br. The Boston Tea Party in 1773 - the distraction of imported tea in the harbour of Boston. The Parliament undertook repressions though the opposition of Whigs were against this disastrous policy.

When did the American War of Independence begin? What was the result of the war?

In 1775 The American Revolution broke out resulting in the Declaration of 13 American Colonies and independent nation of the USA. George Washington - the 1^st President.

What new ideas did the War of Independence bring? What were the revolutionary changes in art in the 18th century?

1.The Union Flag / the Union Jack

2.In 1807 slave trade was abolished

3.The King built a magnificent library and the great collections of pictures

4.A brilliant gallery of writers and poets wrote their works (William Wordsworth, G. Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats)

5.Painting was equal to the achievements to literature

· The writers and artists looked for inspiration to nature to emotions to the spirit of freedom. It was a revolution in the arts which was a part of social, cultural, political changes in the world.

What branches of industry were progressing in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century?

1. A change from domestic production to production in factories under capitalist control, an introduction of water and steam power to drive machines or inventions that transformed several major industries.

2. The textile industry was notable series of inventions which together with the factory of organization and capitalist control insured the rapid growth to become the leader of industrial sector.

3. Mechanical inventions also revolutionized agriculture, mining, shipbuilding, iron and steel industries.

4.  New industrial working class appeared. Mechanization lead to the growth of the social inequality, the wealth of the fuel and the misery and poverty of the majority were increasing equally rapidly.

What do you know about Chartism?

In 1838 the first petition was drawn up by leaders of first association of work­ers, which was called thePeople's Char­ter. It included six main demands for changes: 1) the vote for all males,2) an equal amount of people should vote in each district, 3)vot­ing by secret ballot ['bælət] ,4) salary for MPs, 5)men shouldn’t need to be property owners if they wished to stand for Parliament,6) annual Parliaments. All these reforms seemed revolutionary at that time. The Chartist movement was sup­ported by the working people, but it had its ups and downs. The first Charter was rejected by Parliament, the leaders were arrested. Even so the first 4 Charter’s demands became law within the next 70 years.

What disasters did Ireland suffer in 1845, 1846 and 1847? What country did many Irish emigrate to?

Queen V’s reign was overshadowed by full crisis in Ireland. For 3 years: 1845, 1846, 1847 the potato crop which was the main food of the poor failed. Ireland suffers the worst disaster in his entire history. In these 3 years 1, 5 million people died from hunger at the same time Ireland had enough weed to feed the population but it was explored to England. V’s government failed to realize the seriousness of the problem. Many Irish people had little choice but to leave. Most settled in the US some settled in the towns and cities of Britain.

What were the greatest cultural achievements of the Victorian age?

Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant. The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, which showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure – the first of its kind. The emergence of photography, showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed.

What moral values are called 'Victorian'?

'Victorian' moral values are those values that still have special meaning in Britain. The Queen had given an example of family life and shared her moral religious values. There are primness, strictness, social formality, hard work, life within your income, a traditional morality based on the family, sex within marriage, patriotism.

When did the Windsor family come to power? What important events of the 20th century did they witness? 

n Britain lost its economic advantages

n British people invested money abroad

n British workers produced less

n Britain was behind other countries in science and technology

n Britain no longer ruled the sea

n Britain was frightened of Germany’s modern navy

n World War I (the Great War) 1914 – 1918 (Germany and Austria-Hungary made a military alliance
Russia, France and Britain made one too) 750 000 killed, 2 000 000 wounded

n The Depression (1930 – 1933 a serious post-war economic crisis)

n World War II (1939 – 1945 Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill : ‘blood, toil, tears and sweat’) 300 000 killed 60 000 civilians killed