After for out  forward to up through

1. Baby-sitters are people who ... other people's children.

 2. I wonder what "scratch" means. I'll ... dictionary.

 3. - What are you doing on your hands and knees? - I ... my glasses. Have you seen them anywhere?

4. Look ...! That box is going to fall on your head!

 5. It's a great pleasure to meet you. I've heard a lot about you, and I ... meeting you for a long time.

6. I looked these data ... .

7. I looked some figures ... in the textbook.

II Sentence Structure (simple sentence)

A simple affirmative sentence in English typically has the order:

This report                        will analyse                last year’s budget

There can be an adverb phrase as well, and it often comes at the end. Adverbs say

how (quickly), where (at our offices) or when (next week)

Sub      Verb                          Obj         Adv (where) Adv (when)

Sub              Verb                     Adv (how)               Adv (where) Adv (when)

2 (a) Rewrite the sentences with the correct word order. Start sentences with a capital letter.

1 me/ you may/remember. ___________________________________

2 we/business cards/ last week/at the Trade Fair/exchanged.

__________________________________________________________

3 about availability of rooms/in July/to ask/I/am writing.

________________________________________________________

4 I/for three nights/need/a single room. ____________________________

5 well/is going/our advertising campaign. ___________________________

6 we should/until June/consider/extending it. _________________________

7 next weekend/to my parent/am going/ I. __________________________

8 for a long time/haven’t seen/I/them. ______________________________

Complex sentences

Complex sentences contain a principal clause and one or some subordinate clauses.

principal clause                                                 subordinate clause

Both sentences join together by linking words – conjunctions

Conjunctions: when, where, if, that, because, after, before, until/till, al/though

Make up complex sentences

III Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences express imaginary or hypothetical situations.

Conditional sentences often consist of a main clause and a conditional clause, i.e., a subordinate clause typically beginning with if (or unless).

e.g.

The conditional clause expresses the condition on which the situation described in themain clause depends.

Conditions can be classified as real and unreal.

A real condition is one that can possibly be fulfilled, either now or in the future.

An unreal condition is one that the speaker regards as unlikely or impossible, whether in the past, present or future.

Zero Conditional

Use:

We use Zero Conditional to express general truths.

Form:

We use the present simple tense in the if - clause and the present simple tense in the main clause.

We usually use a comma (,) when the if – clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.

e.g.

3 (a) Put the verbs into the correct tense.

a) Water (freeze) if the temperature falls below zero.

________________________________________________________

b) If he is angry, his face always (go) bright red.

________________________________________________________

c) The radio (not work) if the batteries are flat.

_________________________________________________________

d) If a balloon is filled with hot air, it (rise). _______________________

e) The machine (not work) if it doesn’t have enough oil.

____________________________________________________________

First Conditional

Use:

First Conditionals predict the results of a real or probable action or event.

We use the First Conditional to talk about a possible scenario or action and the probable result, about a possible future situation.

Contexts in which conditional sentences are likely to occur conclude:

about travel or career.

Form:

We use the present simple tense in the if - clause and the future simple tense with will, can or might + verb in the main clause.

We usually use a comma (,) when the if – clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.

e.g.

3 (b)What is the difference between these sentences

a) If I go to London, I will buy an English guidebook.

b) If I go to London, I might buy an English guidebook.

c) If I go to London, I can buy an English guidebook.

3 (c) Read the situations and complete the sentences with your own ideas.

a) You want to go somewhere this weekend. (sunny or rainy)

If it is _________, we’ll _________________________________

b) You have won a big prize (a trip for two or money?)

If we win ____________, we ___________________________________

c) Your friend is going to have a baby and you want to buy a present. (boy or girl?)

If it is_________, I will _________________________________________

Second Conditional

Use:

 Second Conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its probable result in the present or future.

We use the Second Conditional to talk about an imaginary scenario or action and to speculate on the result.

Second Conditional include:

about travel, wealth or global concerns: hypothetical scenarios.

Form:

We use the past simple tense in the if - clause and would + infinitive (without to) in the main clause.

We usually use a comma (,) when the if – clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.

3 (d) Write these sentences, putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

a) If you drove more carefully, you (not have) _______________________ so many accidents.

b) If he (get up) _____________ earlier, he would get to work on time.

c) If we (have) _________________ more time, I could tell you more about it.

d) If you (sell) _______________ more products, you would earn more money.

e) Your parents (be) _____________ a lot happier if you phoned them more often.

f) What would you mind if I (not give) _____________ you the money I owe you today?

g) If I had to go to hospital, I (not go) _____________ to this one.

h) If I (have) _______ any money, I would give you some.

Third Conditional

 Use:

We use the third Conditional to speculate about past events, and about how things that happened or didn’t happen might have affected other things.

We often teach the third Conditional to express reproach and regret.

Form:

We use the past perfect tense in the if – clause and would + present perfect in the main clause.

We use if + past perfect + would have + past participle for unreal situations in the past.

3 (e) Complete the sentences

a) If I had lived two hundred years ago, I (cannot speak) ___________________to my friends on the telephone.

b) If I had lived four hundred years ago, I (have)__________________ a bicycle.

c) If I had lived four hundred years ago, I (can go) ______________________ to school in a carriage.

d) If I had lived two hundred years ago, I (not meet) you.

e) If I hadn’t been so careless, I (fall) ___________________ off the roof.

IV  USE of WISH

We use the verb wish to say:

1) what we are not happy with in the present.

e.g. I wish I was taller.

  I wish they were not singing so loudly.

We use the pattern:

After WISH wecan also usewereinstead ofwasfor all grammatical persons.

e.g. I wish I were grown-up.

I wish I were here.

2) What we regret about the past.

e.g. I wish I had studied harder when I was at school.

I wish she had told me about her problems.

We use the pattern:

3) What we want to be changed in our present situation.

e.g. I wish you would stop smoking.

I wish the weather would change.

We use the pattern:

4 (a) Choose the right option and circle it.

1) I wish I hadn’t done/didn’t do that. (we regret about the past)

2) I wish we could/would be able help you. (we are not happy with in the present)

3) I wish I had/ had had that meat. (we talk about something in the present that we regret)