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A. Choose the word or phrase that produces a grammatically correct sentence. ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 2
1.My supervisor very pleased about the fact that we will not be able to meet the deadline. a.couldn’t be b.mustn’t be c. shouldn’t have been d.can’t be 2.By the end of the year, I for this company for longer than I care to remember. a.will have to work b.will be working c.will have been working d.will work 3. It is said that at that time valuable artifacts sold by him on the black market for more than one a. were selling b. had been selling c. were being sold d. had sold 4. If you want to speak to Kathy, you will have to hurry because she’s just . a. about leaving b. about to leave c. to leave d. to be leaving 5. I was hoping to go to the theatre but it’s too late now, the performance started by now. a. will have b. shall have c. will be d. is going to be 6. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting but my mother to run some errands for her. a. made me b. had me c. got me d. put me 7. Beth all night working on her assignment as the tutor was absent the next day and an extension a. needn’t have stayed up b. shouldn’t have stayed up c. shouldn’t be staying up d. didn’t have to stay up 8. The monthly instalment at the end of the month without delay or else your car will be a. is to be paid b. is being paid c. is to be paying d. being paid 9. The walls of the office were filled valuable paintings by celebrated artists. a. in b. of c. with d. by 10. Despite his lack of experience, he get the job done without delay and managed to save the a. could b. couldn’t c. was able to d. wasn’t able to B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1. I am pretty sure that they are presently renovating that hotel because I saw them delivering truck-loads of BE 2. Most people suspect that he was embezzling large sums of money while serving in the Ministry of HAVE He large sums 3. John will have to have a look at my car because it’s been playing up lately and I’m worried about it LOOKED I by John 4. It is possible that various conservation groups will deal with the severity of the situation by combining MAY It is by combining forces that the 5. It is believed that his active involvement in crucial negotiation processes has defused a potentially volatile BEEN A potentially volatile situation 6. Buying such an expensive present for your boss’s wife was completely unnecessary. HAVE You such an 7. Fortunately, the central heating system had been tested by an expert before we moved into our new WE Fortunately, 8. Ted and Sally got married 25 years ago and next Thursday is their wedding anniversary. WILL By next Thursday Ted and Sally READING Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text below. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap in the text. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Coral Reefs in Crisis Rich in marine life and bursting with kaleidoscopic colour, coral reefs are one of the finest examples of nature’s bounty. They’ve often been described as the ‘rainforests of the sea’, and with good reason: coral reefs are the key components of some of the most complex and diverse ecosystems in nature. In fact, about 25 per cent of all marine creatures, including fish, molluscs and sponges, either depend on coral reefs for food or use them as spawning grounds.
Coral reefs are made up of colonies of tiny creatures called coral polyps. The polyps absorb calcium from the sea and use it to produce a limestone exoskeleton that expands as the creatures grow. Polyps feed on the larvae of shellfish, but they also need algae to thrive. Polyps enjoy a symbiotic relationship with algae – the algae live in the polyps’ tissues and provide them with nutrients; they also produce chemicals that help the polyps secrete their exoskeletons.
Ocean acidification is another reason why coral reefs are under threat. This occurs when excessive amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (one of the causes of global warming), are absorbed by the ocean. The result is that sea water becomes more acidic, thus compromising the polyps’ ability to secrete their exoskeletons. If global warming continues unabated, it’s likely that all corals could become extinct within the next 100 years.
Destructive fishing practices are one of the main reasons why the reefs of Southeast Asia are the most threatened in the world. Fishermen in countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines routinely use explosives or sticks of dynamite to kill fish, often causing irreparable damage to coral reefs in the process.
Another problematic form of land-based pollution is agricultural runoff. This is water that flows from farms through river systems and into the ocean, and it often contains high levels of nitrogen and phosphates. Increased nitrogen levels in sea water cause an overgrowth of algae; as a result, the corals are deprived of sunlight and eventually die. High levels of phosphates can also kill coral by impeding the growth of the coral polyps’ exoskeletons.
Many nations rely heavily on coral reefs for their livelihoods and food supply. The coral reef fisheries of Southeast Asia, for example, enjoy profits of about 2.4 billion dollars a year. In developing countries, roughly 25 per cent of potential fish harvests come from coral reefs. Fisheries worldwide employ about 38 million people, while another 162 million people are indirectly involved in the fishing industry. Should coral reefs continue to die out, the economic impact would be devastating, and many people would have to turn to alternative food sources to supplement their diets and their incomes.
And it’s not just the fishing and tourism industries that need coral reefs to thrive; coral reefs are also indispensable to the pharmaceutical industry. Research has shown that some of the organisms that live on coral reefs, such as sponges and seaweed, produce chemicals that have antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties. These chemicals are the main ingredients of new medicines that are being formulated to treat a range of diseases and viruses. Thus, the degradation of coral reefs could have serious implications for the future of medicine.
One way they are doing this is by applying low voltage electrical currents through seawater to
We can only hope that these and other efforts are enough to preserve our coral
A. Though the situation seems dire, steps have been taken to try to protect and sustain our remaining B. Coral mining is another issue that is of great concern to coral reef conservationists. Coral mining involves the C. Aside from global warming and overfishing, one of the biggest contributing factors to the decline of coral reefs D. The decline of coral reefs will also impact the tourism industry. Half the gross national product of many E. Coral reefs flourish in warm, tropical seas, but polyps are extremely sensitive to increases in water F. Of course, it’s not just land-based pollution that has impacted coral reefs. Marine debris (including plastic, glass G. It would be difficult to imagine a world without coral reefs, but, according to a recent global study, this alarming H. According to estimates, 19 per cent of the world’s coral reefs have already died, including 50 per cent of the
LISTENING You will hear a radio interview with a spokesman from a dolphin conservation organisation. The primary topic of conversation is how dolphins are affected by their encounters with humans. For questions 1-5 choose the answer a, b, c or d which fits best according to what you hear.
1. According to Rupert Clarkson, 2.In addition to being a pleasurable pastime, swimming with dolphins 3.Rupert believes that if people were more informed about dolphins, 4.How does Rupert Clarkson feel about people swimming with dolphins? 5. Dolphin-human interaction can affect a dolphin’s |
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