Fats energy intake protein alcohol vitamins enzyme

Начало формы

A: A wider range of products reduced the chances of starvation from crop failure, and also led to better sources of nutrients - most notably _________.

B: In a globular _________ such as carbonic anhydrase, a human enzyme, many hydrogen bonds exist.

C: Bushmeat is an important source of _________ and fat for many families in central and western Africa.

Human Genome Project

Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the 0. S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The Wellcome Trust (U. K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.

Project goals were to:

1. Identify all the approximately 20.000-25.000 genes in human DNA

2. Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs thatmake up human DNA,

Cloning

Cloning is a biological technique which is used to produce offspring with desired traits. A clone is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced. It is something like a genetic copy of an organism.

Nowadays biologists are cloning some plants animals. In plants, cloning is not very difficult, just cut a stem from one plant, and put the stem in soil. Water it, soon you will have a whole new plant which is genetically identical to the plant from which the stem was cut. Cloning is more complex in ani­mals. In spite of that, biologists have cloned some animals, such as sheep and pigs.

Biologists take the nucleus of an animal's body cell and insert that nucleus into another animal's body cell to produce a new individual, as in the figure. Dolly became the first cloned mammal in 1996. She was the result of the cloning of a somatic cell taken from one of the mammary glands of an adult female sheep.

Cloning humans using this technology is not a strong pos­sibility due to laws in place against experimenting on humans. Cloning humans has been pronounced illegal in Britain. Ian Wilmut, an embryologist and leader of the team at Roslin Institute, USA, has denied that attempts have been madeclone humans.

Exercises

Answer the questions