Complete the following sentences with the words from the list below.

1) Two types of conduits are used to convey water, the open channel and ______.

2) Excessive slope may result in erosion of ______.

3) It may be economical to line a canal in order ______ water seepage.

4) Various types of ______ are used to reduce seepage losses from canals.

5) ______ are often provided at the intakes.

6) A culvert or _______ may be used to carry water through the obstruction.

7) All metal should be galvanized or covered with a suitable _______.

8) Care must be taken to avoid _______.

9) Large flumes are usually _______ in place with concrete piers.

10) Flumes and canals are sometimes covered to minimize _______, _______ and freezing.

11) If the tunnel material is unstable, a concrete or steel liner may be used to prevent _______.

Guess the translation of the missed Russian equivalents.

a) conduit – трубопровод; pressure conduit - …

b) to distribute – распределять; distribution canal - …

c) to line – облицовывать; lining material - …

d) mortar – раствор; cement mortar - …

e) dissipation – рассеивание; to dissipate kinetic energy - …

f) to protect – защищать; protective paint - …

g) circular – круглый; semicircular - …

h) flume – желоб; timber flumes - …

i) to divert – отводить; water diversion - …

j) ground – земля; aboveground - …

k) sluice – промывать; sluicing sediment - …

Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.

open channel	a highway embankment	rolled
conduits	a highway cut	to galvanize
pressure conduit	obstruction	protective paint
to convey	a hill	useful life
flume	a stream	to range
canal	a gully	properly
distribution canal	excess	cracking
tunnel	inverted siphon	contraction
joints to be similar	a check	pier
solution	purpose	precast sections
downgrade	to raise	to cast
a slope	horseshoe section	turnouts
excessive	wasteways	circular section
scour	an overchute	unstable
bed material	culvert	to collapse
to line	settling basins	a collapse
lining	sand traps	gunite
cement mortar	to accumulate	a chute
operation	aboveground	a drop
fish screens	terrene	partly full
smooth flow	to employ	timber flumes
to dissipate	a depression	pine flumes
kinetic energy	semicircular	fir flumes
operation	permeable	because of
hydraulic characteristics

Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.

a) Are the problems of canal location similar in many respects to highway location?

b) What structures are necessary for the proper operation of canals?