The Enlightenment J. Swift Gulliver’s Travels

Gulliver's Travels is an adventure story (in reality, a misadventure story) involving several voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon, who, because of a series of mishaps en route to recognized ports, ends up, instead, on several unknown islands living with people and animals of unusual sizes, behaviors, and philosophies, but who, after each adventure, is somehow able to return to his home in England where he recovers from these unusual experiences and then sets out again on a new voyage.

Book I: When the ship Gulliver is traveling on is destroyed in a storm, Gulliver ends up on the island of Lilliput, where he awakes to find that he has been captured by Lilliputians, very small people — approximately six inches in height. Gulliver is treated with compassion and concern. In turn, he helps them solve some of their problems, especially their conflict with their enemy, Blefuscu, an island across the bay from them. Gulliver falls from favor, however, because he refuses to support the Emperor's desire to enslave the Blefuscudians and because he "makes water" to put out a palace fire. Gulliver flees to Blefuscu, where he converts a large war ship to his own use and sets sail from Blefuscu eventually to be rescued at sea by an English merchant ship and returned to his home in England.

Book II:As he travels as a ship's surgeon, Gulliver and a small crew are sent to find water on an island. Instead they encounter a land of giants. As the crew flees, Gulliver is left behind and captured. Gulliver's captor, a farmer, takes him to the farmer's home where Gulliver is treated kindly, but, of course, curiously. The farmer assigns his daughter, Glumdalclitch, to be Gulliver's keeper, and she cares for Gulliver with great compassion. The farmer takes Gulliver on tour across the countryside, displaying him to onlookers. Eventually, the farmer sells Gulliver to the Queen. At court, Gulliver meets the King, and the two spend many sessions discussing the customs and behaviors of Gulliver's country. In many cases, the King is shocked and chagrined by the selfishness and pettiness that he hears Gulliver describe. Gulliver, on the other hand, defends England.

One day, on the beach, as Gulliver looks longingly at the sea from his box (portable room), he is snatched up by an eagle and eventually dropped into the sea. A passing ship spots the floating chest and rescues Gulliver, eventually returning him to England and his family.

Book III:Gulliver is on a ship bound for the Levant. After arriving, Gulliver is assigned captain of a sloop to visit nearby islands and establish trade. On this trip, pirates attack the sloop and place Gulliver in a small boat to fend for himself. While drifting at sea, Gulliver discovers a Flying Island. While on the Flying Island, called Laputa, Gulliver meets several inhabitants, including the King. All are preoccupied with things associated with mathematics and music. In addition, astronomers use the laws of magnetism to move the island up, down, forward, backward, and sideways, thus controlling the island's movements in relation to the island below (Balnibarbi). While in this land, Gulliver visits Balnibarbi, the island of Glubbdubdrib, and Luggnagg. Gulliver finally arrives in Japan where he meets the Japanese emperor. From there, he goes to Amsterdam and eventually home to England.

Book IV:While Gulliver is captain of a merchant ship bound for Barbados and the Leeward Islands, several of his crew become ill and die on the voyage. Gulliver hires several replacement sailors in Barbados. These replacements turn out to be pirates who convince the other crew members to mutiny. As a result, Gulliver is deposited on a "strand" (an island) to fend for himself. Almost immediately, he is discovered by a herd of ugly, despicable human-like creatures who are called, he later learns, Yahoos. They attack him by climbing trees and defecating on him. He is saved from this disgrace by the appearance of a horse, identified, he later learns, by the name Houyhnhnm. The grey horse (a Houyhnhnm) takes Gulliver to his home, where he is introduced to the grey's mare (wife), a colt and a foal (children), and a sorrel nag (the servant). Gulliver also sees that the Yahoos are kept in pens away from the house. It becomes immediately clear that, except for Gulliver's clothing, he and the Yahoos are the same animal. From this point on, Gulliver and his master (the grey) begin a series of discussions about the evolution of Yahoos, about topics, concepts, and behaviors related to the Yahoo society, which Gulliver represents, and about the society of the Houyhnhnms.

Despite his favored treatment in the grey steed's home, the kingdom's Assembly determines that Gulliver is a Yahoo and must either live with the uncivilized Yahoos or return to his own world. With great sadness, Gulliver takes his leave of the Houyhnhnms. He builds a canoe and sails to a nearby island where he is eventually found hiding by a crew from a Portuguese ship. The ship's captain returns Gulliver to Lisbon, where he lives in the captain's home. Gulliver is so repelled by the sight and smell of these "civilized Yahoos" that he can't stand to be around them. Eventually, however, Gulliver agrees to return to his family in England. Upon his arrival, he is repelled by his Yahoo family, so he buys two horses and spends most of his days caring for and conversing with the horses in the stable in order to be as far away from his Yahoo family as possible.

12. Romanticism in English literature. E. Bronte Wuthering heights(Грозовойперевал)

Romanticism was a complex phenomenon involving a wide range of philosophical, aesthetic, political and moral issues. It was by no means a unified trend. Some Romanticists even disliked being called so (Byron laughed at it).

Romanticism took different forms in different countries and with different authors: German Romanticists were more theoretical, French and English Romanticists were more practical, they did not indulge in theory. And yet Romanticism can be summed up in some way. The basic feature of Romanticism was the dislike &rejection of the reality that set in. Unlike the Enlightmenters who dealt with day-to-day realities Romanticists preferred to take their readers away from them, seeking ideals elsewhere.

Some Romanticists looked- into the past thinking that the patriarchal mode of life was a better model than the present state of things (W. Scott thought like that). Hence (отсюда) their interest to the past, their idealistic attitude to the old, even feudal, times. Thus the genre of the historical novel was bora (the father of this genre in English literature was Walter Scott).

It also brought about love for the works of folklore. Many Romanticists were engaged in collecting, reworking &publishing popular (народные) songs &ballads (Grimm, Pushkin, Mitzkevich, Zhukovsky, etc.).

Romantic literature is also marked by the extreme interest to nature. Yet Romanticists were not mere nature poets. Nature always acquired some additional quality &sense, either symbolic or prophetic sense. Nature is an ideal, has no vices &imperfections of human nature. And nature was also treated as a source of inspiration (e. g.: William Wordsworth's "The Daffodils" - an anthology piece).

With many authors it led to the choice of their characters. The typical Romantic personage was an outsider (a man outside society), an outcast (изгнанник), or a person who leaves society on his own, sometimes a rebel (борец, мятежник), a man who seeks freedom for himself &for his country.

Romantic literature was characterized by a great variety of forms &genres. In prose - a story (especially in German literature), a long short story,anovel.In poetry -long epic, lyric, historical or philosophical poems.A new genre combining epic &lyric elements was introduced into literature (Byron did it).

A great number of free forms (alongside with such fixed forms as the sonnet, which was revived at that time, elegy, ode, ballad )existed in Romantic literature &were used by lyric, poets.

Romantic literature often took fantastic or grotesque forms. Some writers used satire to mock at the vices of the world; symbolism &allegory were also among their tools.

In English Romantic literature there were 3 distinctly different groups of writers, who were in a way opposed to each other by their political, social or aesthetic views:

1) revolutionary (progressive)Romanticists:

George Noel Gordon Byron (ДжорджНоэлГордонБайрон) (1788- 1824),

Percy Bysshe Shelley (ПерсиБишШелли) (1792- 1822);

2) conservative Romanticists (Lake poets or Lakers):

William Wordsworth (УильямВордсворт) (1770 - 1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (СэмюэлТейлорКольридж) (1772 - 1834),

Robert Southey (РобертСаути) (1774- 1843);

3) intermediate group:

John Keats (ДжонКите) (1795 - 1821), Charles Lamb (ЧарльзЛэмб) (1775- 1834), Walter Scott (ВальтерСкотт) (1771 - 1832).

E. Bronte Wuthering heights

(описаниенеточное)

A love drama, with love triangle. Catherine loved Heathcliff for his reliability and strenth, Heathcliff loved Catherine too. She also loved Edgar, but thought that this love is foolish. When Heathcliff thought that Catherine loved Edgar more than him - he disappered, went far away. Catherine was very upset about it, she wanted to be with Heathcliff. But it happened that after some time she marries Edward.

Later Heathcliff learned about their marriage and his heart broke. He decided to revenge them for his pain. He married sister of Edgar - Isabella and taunted her (издевался). They had a son whom Heathcliff despised, because he was weak and sick. Heathcliff is obsessed with revenge applies not only to enemies but also their heirs. The wife of Heathcliff, Isabella asks the man if he did?

The name of Heathcliff has symbolic sense translated as вересковыйутёс.

Insensitive and selfish Linton was not able to respond to Catherine’s love, in destiny of young people intervened Heathcliff. Bbefore Heathcliff died, he completely lost his mind, could not eat or sleep, and wandered all over the hills, calling the Ghost of Catherine. What's up to Cathy with Hareton, then gradually the girl warmed up to him and finally answered his feelings.