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Geographical Position of BrazilBrazil is situated on the South American continent. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the east. It borders on French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela in the north; on Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina in the west and on Uruguay in the south. Brazil occupies almost half of South America. The area of the country is 8 511 965 km2. The population of the country is 150 368 000. The capital of the country is Brasilia. The population of the capital with suburbs is over 1 568 000 people. The other big cities of Brazil are Sâo Paulo 16 832 000; Rio de Janeiro 11 141 000; Belo Horizonte 3 446 000. The best industrial cities are Sâo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro as well as some of the best Brazil’s farmland and mineral-producing areas. Official language of the country is Portuguese. For exporting abroad the country produces the following goods: coffee, soy beans, fruit, iron, and steel, and vehicles. Under the rule of its federal government the country’s GNP is 2550 US dollars per capita.
Igacu Falls
Exercise 9. Using the map and the information given below describe orally geographical position of Brazil with a help of the following key-word plan: Brazil Area: 3 286 488 sq. miles (8 511 965 km2) Population: 150 368 000 Capital: Brasilia (pop. with suburbs 1 568 000) Other cities: Sâo Paulo 16 832 000; Rio de Janeiro 11 141 000; Belo Horizonte 3 446 000 Highest point: Neblina 9 888 ft. (3 014 m)  Official language: Portuguese Religion: Christianity Currency: Cruzeiro Main exports: Coffee, soya beans, fruit, iron, and steel, vehicles Government: Multiparty federal republic Per capita GNP: U.S. $2550 Key-word plan: 1. ... is situated on ... 2. ... is washed by ... from ... 3. ... borders on ... in ... 4. The area of the country is ... square kilometers. 5. The capital of the country is ... 6. The state language(s) is (are) ... 7. The highlands are in the ... The highest mountain is ... It is ... meters high. 8. The lowlands are ... a. along the coast b. in the west/south/east/north c. in the central part of the country 9. There are many/a few/no rivers in the country. The longest river is ... It is … km long. It flows into the ... 10. There are many/a few/no lakes in ... The biggest lake is ... It is ... square kilometers. The water in it is warm/cold/fresh/salt. 11. For exporting abroad the country produces the following goods: 12. Under the rule of its … government the country’s GNP is … US dollars per capita.
Exercise 10. Using the geographical map and the information given about a country describe orally geographical position of it with a help of the key-word plan given above (See Student’s Individual Task: Unit 1., Part 1., Ex. 1.) Exercise 11. In a form of a round table ask each other questions about geographical position of the following countries: Belgium [’beldჳəm], China [’t∫ainə], Egypt [’i:dჳipt], Finland [’finlənd], Greece [gri:s], Libya [’libiə], the Netherlands [ðə ’neðələndz], Poland [’pəulənd], Pakistan [‚pa:ki’sta:n], Spain [spein], Sweden [’swi:dn], Tanzania [‚tænzə’niə] 1. Where is … situated in/on? 2. What seas … is washed by? 3. What countries does … border on? 4. What is the area of …? 5. What is the population of …? 6. What is the capital of …? 7. Are there any lowlands in …? Where are they? 8. Are there any highlands in …? Where are they? 9. What is the highest mountain in …? 10. Are there any deserts in …? Where are they? 11. Are there any rivers in …? What river is the longest? 12. Are there any lakes in …? What lake is the biggest? 13. What are the main exports of …? 14. What is the amount of GNP per capita in …?
Part 2. Oceans Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher: Vocabulary: monsoon [mɔn’su:n] – муссон, дождливый сезон violent [’vaiələnt] – сильный trade route [ru:t] – торговый маршрут ancient times [’ein∫(ə)nt] – давние времена trench [trent∫] – впадина volcanic mountains [vɔ’lkænik] – вулканические горы coral reefs – коралловые рифы submarine – подводный moisture [’mɔist∫ə] – влажность, сырость, влага ultimate site [’ лltimit sait] – самый отдалённый место deposition [‚depə’zi∫(ə)n] – отложение, осадок, месторождение sediment [’sedimənt] – осадочная порода shallow [’∫æləu] – мелкий, мелководный gently sloping – плавно склоняющийся shelf – риф, отмель, шельф trench [trent∫] – впадина, углубление ridge [ridჳ] – гребень горы, горный хребет submarine [‚sлbmə’ri:n] – подводный earthquake [’ə:θkweik] – землетрясение offset [’ɔfset] – ответвление; течение, текущее прочь от берега transform fault [træns’fɔ:m fɔ:lt] – изменённый разлом formation [fɔ:’mei∫(ə)n] – образование, формирование crust [krлst] – кора Земли crustal [’krлstl] – относящийся к коре Земли submerged [səb’mə:dჳd] – погружённый в воду, затопленный density [’densiti] – густота, плотность salinity [sə’liniti] –солёность saline [’seilain] – солёный dense [dens] – плотный, сжатый circulation [‚sə:kju’lei∫(ə)n] – круговорот, циркуляция rotation [rəu’tei∫(ə)n] – вращение current [’kлrənt] – струя, поток, течение route [ru:t] – курс, направление similar [’similə] – подобный, похожий throughout [’θru:aut] – через, по всему, на всём протяжении depth [depθ] – глубина corresponding [‚kɔres’pɔndiŋ] – соответствующий bulge [bлldჳ] – пузыри/ круги на воде attraction of the moon [ə’træk∫(ə)n əv ðə mu:n] – притяжение луны outward [’autwəd] – внешний, наружный, поверхностный motion [’məu∫(ə)n] – движение, процесс uppermost part [’ лpəməust pa:t] – самая верхняя часть bottom [’bɔtəm] – дно to diffuse [tə di’fju:z] – распространять, рассеивать ditch [dit∫] – выемка, котлован, траншея scientist – учёный to discover [tə dis’kлvə] – делать открытие grave [greiv] – могила perfect condition – отличное состояние sample [’sæmpl] – образец skin – кожа incredible discovery – невероятное открытие lead poisoning [led ’pɔizəniŋ] – отравление свинцом food tin – банка консервов to affect – оказывать влияние brain [brein] – мозг decision [di’siჳ(ə)n] – решение Exercise 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right: A. Nouns: 1. moisture a. movement on the surface of water 2. shelf b. chosen way 3. trench c. liquid diffused as vapour or condensed in drops 4. earthquake d. flow of water or air in one direction 5. current e. distance downwards, length to the bottom 6. route f. violent vibration of the earth’s surface 7. depth g. gravitation 8. bulge h. coastal shallow line of the ocean 9. attraction i. the lowest or the deepest part of something 10. bottom j. long narrow deep ditch or part of the ocean
B. Adjectives: 2. shallow b. being salty 3. crustal c. being in the highest position 1. ultimate a. not deep 4. saline d. being the part of the Earth’s surface 5. outward e. the furthest 6. uppermost f. being on the surface
Exercise 2. Practice the reading of the following expressions and translate them into Russian: a major role, over 70 percent of the earth’s surface, gently sloping continental shelves, the average ocean depth, ocean floor, dry land, submarine mountain chains, earthquake activity, crustal rocks, volcanic islands, sea level
Exercise 3. Read the text “The Oceans” and find in it the words according to their definitions given below to fill in the crossword:
Exercise 4. Read the text once again and decide true or false are the statements given below: The Oceans Oceans play a major role in the earth’s natural processes because of their production and control of climate, supplying moisture to the atmosphere and providing a vast climatic regulator. They form the ultimate site of deposition of almost all sediment and are the home of many living species of animals and plants. The oceans cover over 70 percent of the earth’s surface. The continents are surrounded by shallow, gently sloping continental shelves. The average ocean depth is almost three miles, but trenches, up to 36,000 feet deep, are found in places. Although much of the deep ocean floor is a flat plain, some parts are more mountainous than the mountain regions of dry land. A worldwide system of midoceanic ridges includes submarine mountain chains, marked by intense vulcanism and earthquake activity, and offset by transform faults. They are the sites of the formation of new crustal rocks. There are also many volcanic islands, including many submerged below sea level. Statements:
Exercise 5. Read the following texts and match them with the titles given below:
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The surface of Brazil has three main regions. The Amazon River basin in the north contains lowland, jungle and highlands, and the world’s biggest rainforest with over 40 000 plant varieties known. In the northeast is fertile costal plain. And in the east and south plateaus and hills are known for their poor soil. The highest point of the country Neblina is in the northwest close to the border with Venezuela. It is 3 014 m high. There are many rivers. Most of them are the arms of the Amazon which is the biggest in the country and one of the biggest rivers in the world. The Amazon and other Brazilian rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean. One of the most amazing things in Brazil are the Igacu Falls on the border with Argentina. Every 24 hours with the raw of a starting space rocket about 1 billion tons of the Parana waters fall down from the 72 metres height. The width of the Falls is 4 kilometres. It is almost impossible to come close to the Falls because of the mighty air wave.