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Контрольная работа по английскому языку

1.Оформление:

Контрольная работа выполняется в тетради 18-48 листов. На обложку нужно наклеить белый лист бумаги. Оформление обложки:

Задания контрольной работы-

3 а) письменный перевод текста по вариантам. Варианты распределяются по списку группы. Всего вариантов 3. Перевод оформляется следующим образом- открывается разворот тетради, на левой странице нумеруются исходные предложения на английском языке, параллельно каждому предложению на правой странице пишется перевод на русский язык. Например:

1. The foundation of agriculture in                   New Zealand is sheep farming

1. Основа сельского хозяйства   Новой Зеландии-овцеводство.

б) задания к тесту.Все задания нумеруются и переписываются (например: 1. Выпишите из текста 5 неправильных глаголов), а затем выполняются.

в) задания по грамматике. Все задания нумеруются и переписываются, также переписываются полностью начальные предложения задания ( например: 2. Вставьте нужные артикли а) …knowledge is …power), туда необходимо поставить нужную грамматическую форму и подчеркнуть её).

Задания по грамматике и к тесту одинаковы для всех вариантов

Контрольная работа сдаётся методисту за 2 недели до начала сессии

Тексты для перевода

Вариант

Accounting Theory

The basic concepts of accounting as we understand them today were first published in Italy in 1494 by Luca Pacioli (1445 - 1517). He described them in a section of his book on applied mathematics. Pacioli was a Franciscan monk whose life and work was dedicated to the glory of God.

Accounting is the process of measuring and recording the financial value of the assets and liabilities of a business and monitoring these values as they change with the passage of time. When we refer to a business we could be referring to an individual, a company or any other entity for which accounting records are to be kept (for example a church, club or other non-profit organization).

The assets of a business are those things that belong to the business that have a positive financial value i.e. items that could be sold by the business in exchange for money. Examples of assets include land, buildings, vehicles, stock, equipment, rare gold coins, bank accounts with positive balances and money owed to the business by its debtors.

The liabilities of a business are those things that belong to the business but unlike assets have a negative financial value i.e. items that will require the payment of money by the business at some point in the future. Examples of liabilities include unpaid bills, unpaid taxes, unpaid wages, rusty motor vehicles, stock that has passed its use-by date, overdrawn bank accounts and money owed by the business to its creditors.

The equity of a business is defined as the value of the assets minus the value of the liabilities. In other words the equity is the financial value that would be left if all the assets were sold and the money from the sale was used to pay off all the liabilities. Another way of expressing this is to say that the equity is the amount of money that would be released if the business was to be wound up.

The assets, liabilities and equity of a business are all financial measurements that relate to a particular point in time. The financial statement that is used to present this information is known as the balance sheet. The balance sheet is a statement of the assets, liabilities and equity of a business as they exist at a particular point in time.

The relationship between the assets, the liabilities and the equity can be represented algebraically by what is commonly known as the accounting equation. If we use the letter A to represent the assets, the letter L to represent the liabilities and the letter P to represent the equity then the accounting equation is P = A - L

This equation states that the equity is the value of the assets minus the value of the liabilities. This equation is more commonly written as A = L + P

This equation states that the value of the assets is equal to the value of the liabilities plus the equity. This is just another way of saying the same thing. Because the equity is defined as the value of the assets minus the value of the liabilities then this equation is always true by definition.

 A balance sheet is commonly divided into two sections. One section shows the value of the assets and the other section shows the value of the liabilities and the equity. Each section will be broken down into more or less detail depending on the intended use of the balance sheet. Because the accounting equation is always true the totals of each of the two sections of the balance sheet should always be the same i.e. the balance sheet should always be in balance.

The financial measurements we have looked at so far are used to describe the financial position of a business at a particular point in time. For this reason the balance sheet is also known as the statement of financial position. It presents a summary of the business' financial position at a particular point in time. However in order to gain a complete financial picture of a business we need to recognize that the financial position of the business is undergoing constant change.

Вариант

Auditing. Introduction

"In God we trust, all others we audit". This quote sums up a basic viewpoint of some professionals towards auditing. Auditing has existed in one form or another since ancient times. Records show that auditing activity was part of early life in Babylonia, China, Greece, and Rome. One ancient meaning for the word "auditor" was a ''hearer or listener". In Rome, auditors heard transactions as they took place. They observed the events as they happened and were able to recount the responsibilities and obligations to which each party was bound.

Modern auditing, as defined by the American Accounting Association, is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users.

An examination of the definition of auditing reveals that there are three key aspects of the definition. First, auditing is not an activity which can be performed in a haphazard manner, it is a systematic process based on logic and reasoning.

Second, during an examination of financial statements the auditor objectively obtains and evaluates evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events embodied in the financial statements to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria. In the audit of financial statements prepared by a company, the established criteria are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). That is, the financial statements must be prepared in accordance with GAAP. Consequently, the auditor must obtain and evaluate evidence to determine whether the assertions (the elements of the financial statements) meet the established criteria (GAAP).

The third and final key aspect of the definition is that auditing involves communicating the results of the audit to interested users. The auditor communicates the findings of the audit process by issuing an audit report. In the audit report, the auditor gives an opinion as to whether the assertions are reported in accordance with the established criteria. For example, in the audit of financial statements the auditor issues an audit report which describes the scope of the examination in the first paragraph and states in the last paragraph whether in his or her opinion the financial statements are fairly presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis.

Internal, Governmental and External Audit

Although the audit process of obtaining and evaluating evidence and communicating the results to interested users applies to all audit applications, the objectives of auditing vary depending on the needs of users of the audit report. Internal auditing, governmental auditing, and external auditing all serve different objectives.

Internal auditing is defined as an independent appraisal function established within an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization. The objective of internal auditing is to assist members of the organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities. To this end, internal auditing furnishes them with analyses, appraisals, recommendations, counsel, and information concerning the activities reviewed.

Internal auditors require a broader definition of auditing because they are employed by the company that they audit. Consequently, internal auditors must define their function in such a way that the function will include any activity that is helpful to their employer.

Governmental auditing covers a wide range of activities on the federal, state, and local levels and numerous regulatory agencies. Governmental auditors not only examine financial statements but also determine whether government program objectives are met and whether certain government agencies and private enterprises comply with applicable laws and regulations.

External auditing involves reporting on financial statements prepared by management for external users of third parties. Third parties include stockholders, creditors, bankers, potential investors, and federal, state, and local regulatory agencies. External audits are performed by independent CPA firms.

Вариант

Process of Audit

A financial audit is usually done annually through 3 main steps.

1. Interim review.

This is the first approach to the company. It usually covers the first half of the financial year. For instance, if a company closes its accounts yearly on December 31, the interim review will cover January to June.

The purpose is

◾ to understand the business of the company, the environment in which it operates (this includes aspects such as competition, legal requirements, economy, etc), what its main issues are to figure out what audit risks are from an audit point of view. This means, auditors will have

◾ to find what kind of mistake (on purpose or not) could be done in this company. For instance, if the income of sales representatives is directly linked to the sales they generate (it's of course never the case), they could try to overstate their figures, leading to an abnormally high income.

◾ to assess the internal control procedures (checks on the firms internal processes, such as inventory) actually in place. This is an important step as it will allow later to determine if one should carry out basic or advanced investigations. Indeed, if the internal control procedures seem to be reliable, this means there is no need to check accounts further.

2. Hard close.

This audit precedes the closing date. For a company closing on December 31, the Hard Close would typically occur using numbers as of November 30. Note: some hard closes are performed using the numbers as of the preceding quarter end (i.e. in the above example as of September 30). The purpose is to audit all movements year to date. This audit step is not on the audit during Final.

3. Final.

This is the latest step of the audit, usually some weeks after the closing. Thanks to the work already done during the Hard Close, only the remaining range between the date of the Hard Close and the closing has to be audited.

RATIONALE FOR AUDITING

Audit has some specific features throughout the world but has some main components. One of the main problems in audit is the conflict between the need to control a company and the business relationship. On the one hand, the audit company has to thoroughly check the books, but on the other hand, it has to keep its customer that is its source of revenue. In practical terms, this means that the audit company will try to protect itself by carrying out the minimum checks, but if it has a slight doubt, it won't go further if the client is a bit reluctant to give out information.

A financial audit is the examination of financial records and reports of a company or organisation, in order to verify that the figures in the financial reports are relevant, accurate, and complete. The general focus is to ensure the reported financial statements fairly represent a company's stated condition for the firm's stakeholders. These stakeholders will be interested parties, such as stockholders, employees, regulators, and the like.

Doing a financial audit is called the "attest" function. The general purpose is for an independent party (the CPA firm) to provide written assurance (the audit report) that financial reports are "fairly presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles".

Because of major accounting scandals (failure by CPA firms to detect widespread fraud), assessing internal control procedures has increased in magnitude as a part of financial audits.

Financial audits are typically done by external auditors (accountancy firms). Many organizations, including most very large organizations, also employ or hire internal auditors, who do not attest to financial reports. Internal auditors often assist external auditors, and, in theory, since both do internal control work, their efforts should be coordinated.

Задания к текстам ( одинаковы для всех вариантов)

Задайте 3 общих и 5 специальных вопросов к тексту