VI. Define the function FOR and translate the sentences into Russian.

Контрольная работа № 2 для технического профиля

Текст: COMPUTER.

       Computers are well known to represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared less than 60 years ago. Although still new, these machines are already bringing about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

       The reason for this is in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost of all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions оf arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities.

       Electronic computer with a high speed can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.

       A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

       The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

       If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Substraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated addition the necessary number of times, a division - by repeated subtraction.

       Electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance, which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic "memory" which stores the initial data, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as working commands given to the machine.

       The electronic machine can also be used for controlling automatic production. Signals given by measuring instruments and controlling devices into the machine send the necessary commands to the control panel according to the programme.

       This machine can also be used to make translations from оne language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa.

       All the instruments invented up to now have served to save man's labour. But it is electronic computers the importance of which cannot be underestimated, that come to the help of the human brain, thus opening boundless possibilities.

Vocabulary notes

1. complicated adj - сложный

2. vice versa (лат.) - наоборот

3. invent v - изобретать, создавать

4. boundless adj - безграничный, беспредельный

       GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Verbal Nоun.

1. More than three-fourths of the clothing worn throughout the world is made of cotton. 2. Throughout the Middle Ages nearly all the writing stories in Europe was done by monks and nearly all the books written were of a religious nature. 3. Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language. 4. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. 5. When he was relating this story, it seemed to the listeners that they heard the roaring of the waves outdoor. 6. Such was the happy ending of an unhappy day and the end of one of Mr. Pickwik's most exciting experiences. 7. He spoke about the shooting of the birds and the prospects for such shooting in the winter.

II. Define the Verbal Noun and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. This splitting of the hydrogen molecule is attended by the absobtion of a large amount of energy. 2. The breaking of the circuit causes the magnetic field to disappear. 3. We know that the conversion of heat into chemical energy is reversed when the burning of coal converts chemical energy into heat. 5. Inductance is provided with the silver coating and capacitance by the inner and outer surface of this silver with the porcelain as dielectric. 6. The original reactor worked successfully at 200 watts and the shielding was not sufficient to allow a higher power level.

III. Translate into Russian. Define the functions of the Participle, Gerund and Verbal Noun.

1. When translated, the article was typed. 2. The results obtained were of great importance. 3. While compressing the gas we can turn it into liquid. 4. We are proud of being students. 5. He went away without waiting for a reply. 6. I remember my having seen this film. 7. This is a most interesting book, beautifully written and splendidly translated. 8. The melting of copper, iron and cast iron requires a very high temperature. 9. The energy of a body is its capacity for doing work. 10. It is interested in collecting rare minerals. 11. This article is worth reading. 12. At the continued heating of a solid body the movement of its molecules becomes still faster.

IV. Define the functions of the Participle, Gerund and Verbal Noun. Translate into Russian.

1. The results obtained being of prime importance, engineers used them in their investigstions. 2. Electrons are obtained by using a heated filament for the hegative electrode and protons are produced in a hydrogen-filled discharge tube from which ions pass to the main accelerating tube. 3. There are several types of microphones being used, the most important of these being the dynamic microphone, the velocity microphone and the crystal microphone. 4. Being built one the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology. 5. The lead-acid battery employs a low-voltage constant potential charging arrangement, the lamps being connected in parallel. 6. Тhe charge of the electron being determined, it was easy to calculate its mass. 7. The main advantage of this instrument over the moving coil type instrument is that it is capable of measuring both alternating current and direct current. 8. Obtaining new data on the device sensitivity will be of great help for designers. 9. The new building housing the laboratory will be located at some distance from the main building of the plant. 10. The specific heat solid elements known, the approximate atomic weight can be easily calculated.

V. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to for.

1. In its way the camera can be even more deceptive than a drawing, for the good architectural photographer can make beautiful photographs of the most ugly structures. 2. A separate consideration of individual elements is in a very real sense artificial, for each element occurs in a building only for some definite purpose and gains both its practical and its aesthetic meaning from its relation to other elements. 3. Probably a majority of the houses to be built in the near future time, will be designed for rental or sale. For this it is impossible to make so striking a functional analysis as in the case of a house designed for one particular family. 4. If such loads exist, their effect should be carefully studied and provided for. 5. For methods of computing reactions, see chapter on "Reactions".

VI. Define the function FOR and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Under these circumstances, it may be shown that maximum efficiency occurs at the load for which the constant and variable losses are equal. 2. An ammeter is an instrument for measuring current. 3. If the cylinder is small the flow of water may be decreased, for the cylinder and piston will have insufficient capacity for high flow. 4. However, for special purposes heat, light and sound are very useful sources of energy, too. 5. For a period the worker will not work in radioactive areas and doctors will make periodic checks of his physical condition to make certain that he is not harbouring radioactive substances in his body. 6. Some of the atoms in your bones are exploding at all times, for minute of phosphorus in your bones.